Lynn

Lynn, Massachusetts
—  City  —
Seal
Location in Essex County in Massachusetts
Coordinates: 42°28′00″N 70°57′00″W / 42.4666667°N 70.95°W / 42.4666667; -70.95
Country	United States
State	Massachusetts
County	Essex
Settled	1629
Incorporated	1850
Government
- Type	Mayor-council city
- Mayor	Edward J. Clancy, Jr. Judith Flanagan Kennedy (Mayor-elect)
Area
- Total	13.5 sq mi (34.9 km2)
- Land	10.8 sq mi (28.0 km2)
- Water	2.7 sq mi (6.9 km2)
Elevation	30 ft (9 m)
Population (2007)
- Total	87,122
- Density	8,066.9/sq mi (3,111.5/km2)
Time zone	Eastern (UTC-5)
- Summer (DST)	Eastern (UTC-4)
ZIP code	01901–01905
Area code(s)	339 / 781
FIPS code	25-37490
GNIS feature ID	0613376
Website	http://www.ci.lynn.ma.us/

Lynn is a city in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 89,050 at the 2000 census. An older industrial center, Lynn is home to Lynn Beach and Lynn Heritage State Park.

History

The area known as Lynn was first settled in 1629 by Edmund Ingalls (d. 1647) and incorporated in 1631 as Saugus, the Nipmuck name for the area.^[1] The name Lynn was given to the area after King's Lynn, Norfolk, England, in honor of Samuel Whiting.^[2]

After Lynn's re-settlement many parts of the town were set off as independent towns. Reading was created in 1644, Lynnfield in 1782, Saugus in 1815, Swampscott in 1852, and Nahant in 1853. Lynn incorporated as a city in 1850.

Colonial Lynn was a major part of the regional tannery and shoe-making industries that began in 1635. The boots worn by Continental Army soldiers during the Revolutionary War were made in Lynn. The shoe-making industry drove urban growth in Lynn into the early nineteenth century.^[2] This historic theme is reflected in the city seal, which features a colonial boot.^[3]

In 1816 a mail stage coach was operating through Lynn. By 1836, 23 stage coaches left the Lynn Hotel for Boston each day. The Eastern Railroad Line between Salem and East Boston opened on August 28, 1838. This was later merged with the Boston and Maine Railroad and called the Eastern Division. In 1847 telegraph wires passed through Lynn, but no telegraph service station was built till 1858. ^[4]

Lynn Shoe manufacturers, lead by Charles A. Coffin and Silas Abbott Barton, invested in the early electric industry, specifically in 1883 with Elihu Thomson and his Thomson-Houston Electric Company. That company merged with Edison Electric Company forming General Electric in 1892. Charles A. Coffin served as the first president of General Electric. Elihu Thomson later served as acting president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1920 to 1923. ^[5]

Initially the General Electric plant specialized in arc lights, electric motors, and meters. Later they specialized in aircraft electrical systems and components, and aircraft engines were built in Lynn during WWII. That engine plant evolved into the current jet engine plant during WWII because of research contacts at MIT in Cambridge.^[6] Gerhard Neumann was a key player in jet engine group at GE in Lynn. The continuous interaction of material science research at MIT and the resulting improvements in jet engine efficiency and power have kept the jet engine plant in Lynn ever since.

Lynn's population peaked around 1930 at just over 102,000 and population today is roughly where it was in 1910. Yet de-industrialization has meant that median household income for Lynn is well below the statewide average.

Lynn suffered several large fires in the late 1970s and early 1980s, including a devastating inferno among former shoe factories at Broad and Washington Streets on November 28, 1981. The blaze destroyed 17 downtown buildings undergoing redevelopment, with property losses totaling in the tens of millions of dollars. The site has since been largely redeveloped into a satellite campus of North Shore Community College.

Lynn remains home to a division of General Electric Aviation, a major employer; the West Lynn Creamery (now part of Dean Foods's Garelick Farms unit); C. L. Hauthaway & Sons, a polymer producer; Old Neighborhood Foods, a meat packer; Lynn Manufacturing, a maker of combustion chambers for the oil and gas heating industry; Sterling Machine Co.; and Durkee-Mower, makers of "Marshmallow Fluff."

Infamously known as, "Lynn, Lynn: the city of sin. You never come out, the way you went in," or "Lynn, Lynn the city of sin, if you ain't bad you can't come in!", the city of Lynn created an advertising campaign in the early 1990s, to improve the city's image, and help rid the town of that negative slogan. This was the "City Of Firsts" campaign, which boasted that Lynn had the:

• First iron works (1643)
• First fire engine (1654)
• First American jet engine
• First woman in advertising & mass-marketing — Lydia Pinkham
• First baseball game under artificial light
• First dance academy in the U.S.
• First tannery in the U.S.
• First air mail transport in New England, from Saugus, MA to Lynn, MA.

Later, some of these claims were found to be inaccurate or unprovable. For example, the first baseball game under artificial light seems to have actually occurred in Indiana. While the jet engine claim is legitimate, the engine was heavily based on a prior British design.^{[citation needed]}

The twenty-first century

In the early 2000s, a number of new development projects have contributed to what officials hope will be the city's renaissance. Industrial buildings that were formerly vacant have been converted into loft spaces by real estate developers, and bought by young home-buyers who seek the urban lifestyle of Boston proper, but can't afford the higher prices of Boston's South End and similar neighborhoods^{[citation needed]}. Encouraged by local developer Tom Kennedy, renowned New Urbanist architect Robert Orr proposed a series of charettes for the redevelopment of Lynn's waterfront in conjunction with Lynnfield Engineering. City Hall is encouraging the community's resurgence, with new antique-style lighting, signage, brickwork, and a multipurpose municipal football stadium. The North Shore Spirit, a professional baseball club, played in Lynn at renovated Fraser Field through the 2007 season. Lynn has also become home to one of the largest Russian communities in the North Shore. The first wave of immigration began in the early 1990s when Jewish people in Russia were granted refugee status by the American government.^{[citation needed]} The Great Stew Chase Road Race is a 15K (9.3 mile) event held in early February. It is the 3rd oldest 15K race in the United States.

In December 2007, the Massachusetts Seaport Advisory Council approved $750,000 in funding at City Hall, paving the way for a commuter ferry from Lynn to Boston.

General View in 1909	Market Street in 1911	Newhall House in 1913	City Hall Square, c. 1906
Public Library in 2009	High Rock Tower in c. 1910	High Rock Tower in 2006

Geography

Lynn is located at 42°28′26″N 70°57′20″W / 42.47389°N 70.95556°W / 42.47389; -70.95556 (42.473996, −70.955583).^[7]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 13.5 square miles (34.9 km²), of which, 10.8 square miles (28.0 km²) of it is land and 2.7 square miles (6.9 km²) of it (19.87%) is water. Lynn is located beside Massachusetts Bay and the Atlantic Ocean.

Neighborhoods

Goldfish Pond in 1905

Lynn is loosely segmented into the following neighborhoods:

• CENTRAL
  • Business District / Downtown
  • Central Sq.
• WEST LYNN
  • Veterans Village
  • Pine Hill
  • McDonough Sq / Barry Park
  • Tower Hill / Austin Sq — Saugus River Banks
  • The Brickyard
  • Walnut St./ Lynnhurst
  • The Common
• EAST LYNN
  • Diamond District/ Lynn Shore
  • Wyoma Sq.
  • The Highlands
  • The Fay Estate
  • Ward 1/ Lynnfield St.
  • Goldfish Pond
  • The Meadow / Keaney Park

Climate: Lynn gets very cold, snowy winters and mild-to-warm summers.

^{[citation needed]}

Demographics

First School House in c. 1910

As of the census^[8] of 2000, there were 89,050 people, 33,511 households, and 21,044 families residing in the city. The population density was 8,233.7 people per square mile (3,177.7/km²). There were 34,637 housing units at an average density of 3,202.6/sq mi (1,236.0/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 67.89% White, 10.55% African American, 0.37% Native American, 6.43% Asian, 0.09% Pacific Islander, 9.82% from other races, and 4.85% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 18.40% of the population.

There were 33,511 households out of which 32.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.7% were married couples living together, 17.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.2% were non-families. 31.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.31.

Lynn Marshes in c. 1905

In the city the population was spread out with 27.0% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 31.0% from 25 to 44, 20.1% from 45 to 64, and 12.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 93.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.5 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $37,364, and the median income for a family was $45,295. Males had a median income of $34,284 versus $27,871 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,492. About 13.2% of families and 16.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.9% of those under age 18 and 14.6% of those age 65 or over.

Transportation

Lynn has a stop on the Newburyport/Rockport Line of the MBTA commuter rail, and several bus routes that connect it with Boston and nearby communities like Revere. There are ongoing studies on the feasibility of extending the Blue Line subway to the city.

A main commercial thoroughfare through southern Lynn is "The Lynnway", which carries Route 1A. Minor state routes include Route 129 (mostly Lynnfield St., Boston St., Washington St., Broad St., and Lewis St. ) and Route 107 (Western Ave.).

Points of interest

Breakwater in 1908

• Lynn Beach
• Lynn Woods, the largest municipal park in New England, as well as the second largest in the country at 2200 acres, is host to local historical sites such as Stone Tower, Steel Tower, the Wolf Pits, and Dungeon Rock, believed to be the site of still-unrecovered pirate treasure. Visit the Friends of Lynn Woods for more information. Many schools have cross country track meets in Lynn Woods.
• Lynn Heritage State Park (and new home of the Lynn Museum)
• High Rock Tower, a stone observation tower with a great view of Nahant, Boston, Downtown Lynn, Egg Rock, and the ocean
• Pine Grove Cemetery,, one of the largest cemeteries in the country which some locals claim has the "second longest wall in the world."
• Fraser Field, This municipal baseball stadium constructed in the 1940s under the WPA. It has housed many minor league baseball teams and a few major league exhibition games for the Boston Red Sox. Now it is used by the city's four high schools and was home to the independent baseball team called the North Shore Spirit, which has moved on as of 2007. Currently, it is the home of the North Shore Navigators of the New England Collegiate Baseball League (NECBL).
• Manning Field, The municipal football stadium. It is the former site of Manning Bowl (circa 1936 – August 2005). Manning Field has just recently completed its first season accommodating several high school football games, all of which occurred during construction.
• Lynn Memorial Auditorium This recently renovated auditorium has recently housed such acts as the Boston Pops Orchestra, and upcoming acts such as the off-broadway hit I Love You, You're Perfect, Now Change, and children entertainment phenomenon The Doodlebops, and singer Lloyd is scheduled to perform here.
• Mary Baker Eddy House
• Lynn Museum & Historical Society

Education

Lynn has three public high schools (Lynn English, Lynn Classical, Lynn Vocational Technical Institute), four junior high schools, two alternative schools, and, as of Autumn 2008, 16 elementary schools (two were closed over the summer because of city budgetary constraints).^[9] They are served by the Lynn Public Schools district. There is also an independent Catholic high school, St. Mary's High School, and three religious K–8 elementary schools, and one interdenominational Christian.^[10]

KIPP: the Knowledge Is Power Program operates the KIPP Academy Lynn, a 5–8 charter middle school, in Lynn.

Notable residents

• Bill Adams, former American football offensive guard for the Buffalo Bills.
• John G. B. Adams (1841–1900), Medal of Honor recipient and Commander of the Grand Army of the Republic
• Harry Agganis (1929–1955), American athlete
• Mabel Albertson, Actress (Bewitched, et al.)
• Jack Albertson, Actor (Chico and the Man, et al.)
• Frank G. Allen (1874–1950), governor
• Antonio Anderson guard on University of Memphis basketball team 2008 Conference USA Tournament MVP
• Ernie Anderson, Television voice announcer and actor
• Stan Andrews, catcher for the Boston Bees, Brooklyn Dodgers and Philadelphia Phillies from 1939–1945
• F. Lee Bailey, defense lawyer of both Albert DeSalvo and O.J. Simpson
• Les Burke, second baseman for the Detroit Tigers from 1923–1926
• Verna Bloom, Actress (High Plains Drifter, Animal House, et al.)
• Walter Brennan, actor
• Karina Broomstein, actor
• Freddy Cannon, rock and roll singer.
• William F. Connell (1938–2001) CEO,Philanthropist,
• Francis Joseph "Boley" Danciewicz, QB/DB Boston Yanks 1946–1948.
• Sean Deveney, NBA analyst for The Sporting News.
• Frederick Douglass, African American Abolitionist
• Mary Baker Eddy (1821–1910), religious leader
• Biff Elliot, Actor.
• Josh Fogg, Major League Baseball Pitcher
• Bernie Friberg, baseball player for the Chicago Cubs (1919–20, 1922–25), Philadelphia Phillies (1925–32) and Boston Red Sox (1933).
• Barney Gilligan, catcher for the Brooklyn Atlantics, Cleveland Blues, Providence Grays, Washington Nationals, and Detroit Wolverines from 1875–1888.
• Sam Gilman, Actor.
• Bump Hadley, pitcher for the Washington Senators (1926–31 and 1935), Chicago White Sox (1932), St. Louis Browns (1932–34), New York Yankees (1936–40), New York Giants (1941), and Philadelphia Athletics (1941).
• Neil Hamilton, Actor (Best known as Commissioner Gordon of 1960's Batman TV Series).
• Jim Hegan, Major League Baseball catcher (1941–42, 1946–1960).
• Ken Hill (baseball), Major League Baseball pitcher
• Chris Howard, relief pitcher for the Chicago White Sox (1993), Boston Red Sox (1994) and Texas Rangers (1995).
• Ruth Edna Kelley (1893–1982), Author
• Louise Kirtland, Broadway actress
• Lyndon LaRouche, eight-time presidential candidate
• Alonzo Lewis (1794–1861), teacher, surveyor, poet, writer, author, historian, publisher
• Jan Matzeliger, inventor of shoe lasting
• Linda McCarriston, poet
• Maria Mitchell (1818–1889), astronomer
• Mike Ness, Musician, Lead singer and guitarist of Social Distortion.
• Jack Noseworthy, Actor
• Glenn Ordway, Sports Broadcaster, talk show host
• William Dudley Pelley (1890–1965), leader of Silver Legion
• Daniel Pinkham (1923–2006), composer
• Lydia Pinkham (1819–1873), businesswoman
• Larry Pleau, senior vice president and general manager of the St. Louis Blues and former NHL player and head coach.
• William B. Poole (1833–1904), Medal of Honor recipient
• Tom Rowe, ice hockey player and coach.
• Blondy Ryan, shortstop for the Chicago White Sox (1930), New York Giants (1933–1934, 1937–1938), Philadelphia Phillies (1935), and New York Yankees (1935)
• John Murray Spear, a Universalist minister who attempted to build a mechanical Messiah.
• Susan Stafford, Original hostess of The Wheel of Fortune 1975–1982.
• Kevin Trudeau, TV Infomercial
• Lou Tsioropoulos, Basketball player, for the Kentucky Wildcats and Boston Celtics
• Al Weston, professional baseball player and Boston College quarterback.
• Ryan "biz" Jordan professional BMX bicycle rider

References

• Lewis, Alonzo and James Robinson Newhall. History of Lynn, Essex County, Massachusetts: Including Lynnfield, Saugus, Swampscott and Nahant. Published 1865 by John L. Shorey 13 Washington St. Lynn. Full copy at books.google.
• Needham, Daniel. 1795 Map of Lynn.
• Lewis, Alonzo. 1829 Map of Lynn. Click on each map at Salemdeeds website for a VERY large 300 d.p.i. image.
• Dutton, E.P. Chart of Boston Harbor and Massachusetts Bay with Map of Adjacent Country. Published 1867. A good map of roads and rail lines from Lynn to Boston and surrounding area at the BPL.
• Various Lynn Atlases at the Essex County Registry of Deeds in Salem. 1880 by G.M.Hopkins. 1872 Lynn City Atlas. 1887 Atlas of Lynn, Saugus, and Swampscott Published by L.J.Richards. 1905 Atlas of Lynn Published by L.J.Richards. 1905 City Center. 1924 Atlas of Lynn Published by Richards. 1924 Lynn City Center.

• Beers, D G. 1872 Atlas Of Essex County Massachusetts. Lynn Plate 132. Saugus Plate 135. Saugus Center Plate 137. Lynnfield Plate 109. Swampscott Plate 125. Swampscott Center Plate 127. Nahant Plate 129. Published 1872.

• Walker, George H. 1884 Atlas of Essex County Massachusetts. Unfortunately the 1884 Map of Lynn is missing from the copy at the Salem Essex County Registry of Deeds and Website. Lynn Common Plate 22–23. Pevears Morocco Factories Plate 85. Jones Shoe Factory 120 Broad St. Plate 74A. Stevens Block Lynn Plate 56. Clifton Dale Saugus Plate 21. Lynnfield Plate 33. Lynnfield Center Plate 18. Manfield House built 1666 Lynn, J.T.Wilson House Nahant Plate 19. Swampscott Plate 24. Nahant East Plate 30. Published 1884.
• Oliver, William T. Market Street, Lynn, Mass., as it appeared in 1820. at the Library of Congress.
• Panoramic View of the Hutchinson Family Home on High Rock including all of Lynn, Massachusetts published 1881 by Armstrong and Co, at the LOC website.
• D'Entremont, Jeremy. Egg Rock Lighthouse History. Website.
• Carlson, W. Bernard. Innovation as a Social Process: Elihu Thomson and the Rise of General Electric, 1870–1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
• Woodbury, David O. Elihu Thomson, Beloved Scientist (Boston: Museum of Science, 1944)
• Haney, John L. The Elihu Thomson Collection American Philosophical Society Yearbook 1944.

1. ^ Herbert, George. History of Lynn... 1629–1864, 1890.
2. ^ ^{a b} About the City of Lynn, MA at City of Lynn website
3. ^ City of Lynn official website
4. ^ [1] History of Lynn Ch2-1814–1864 pub1890.
5. ^ [2] Elihu Thomson Papers at the American Philosophical Society
6. ^ [3] MassMoments GE Jet Engine Tests in Lynn
7. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2000 and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2005-05-03. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 
8. ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 
9. ^ Lynn Public Schools. "School Profiles". http://www.lynnschools.org/school_profiles.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-02. 
10. ^ Massachusetts Department of Education. "Lynn — Directory Information". http://profiles.doe.mass.edu/home.asp?mode=so&view=&mcasyear=2006&ot=5&o=947&so=0. Retrieved 2007-08-02. 

• United Press International. "Blaze destroys urban complex in Lynn, Mass." 'The New York Times,' November 29, 1981. Page 28.

External links

• City of Lynn
• Chamber of Commerce Information
• The Daily Item, Lynn's daily paper
• Lynn Happens, an independent online publication
• St. George, Greek Orthodox Church of Lynn
• Lynn Heritage State Park
• Lynn Public Library
• Lynn Trade, and Lynn Vocational and Technical Institute Alumni Archives Web Site.
• Essex Images
• Poetry of Places in Essex County has Alonzo Lewis's nicely formatted poem High Rock.

• Lynn, Massachusetts is at coordinates 42°28′26″N 70°57′20″W / 42.473996°N 70.955583°W / 42.473996; -70.955583 (Lynn, Massachusetts)Coordinates: 42°28′26″N 70°57′20″W / 42.473996°N 70.955583°W / 42.473996; -70.955583 (Lynn, Massachusetts)

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