Lysophospholipid receptor: Information from Answers.com

The Lysophospholipid receptor (LPL-R) group are members of the G protein-coupled receptor family of integral membrane proteins that are important for lipid signaling.^[1] In humans there are eight LPL receptors, each encoded by a separate gene. These LPL receptor genes are also sometimes referred to as "Edg” (an acronym for endothelial differentiation gene).

1 Ligands
2 Origin of name
3 Function
4 Group members
5 See also
6 References
7 External links

Ligands

The ligands for LPL-R group are the lysophospholipid extracellular signaling molecules, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P).

Origin of name

The term 'lysophospholipid' (LPL) refers to any phospholipid that is missing one of its two O-acyl chains. Thus, LPLs have a free alcohol in either the sn-1 or sn-2 position. The prefix 'lyso-' comes from the fact that lysophospholipids were originally found to be hemolytic however it is now used to refer generally to phospholipids missing an acyl chain. LPLs are usually the result of phospholipase A-type enzymatic activity on regular phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidic acid, although they can also be generated by the acylation of glycerophospholipids or the phosphorylation of monoacylglycerols. Some LPLs serve important signaling functions such as lysophosphatidic acid.

Function

LPL receptor ligands bind to and activate their cognate receptors located in the cell membrane. Depending on which ligand, receptor, and cell type is involved, the activated receptor can have a range of effects on the cell. These include primary effects of inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum, as well as secondary effects of preventing apoptosis and increasing cell proliferation.^[2]

Group members

The following is a list of the eight known human LPL receptors:

Gene Symbol	IUPHAR Symbol	Gene Name	Agonist Ligand	Previous symbol
LPAR1	LPA₁	lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1	LPA	EDG2
LPAR2	LPA₂	lysophosphatidic acid receptor 2	"	EDG4
LPAR3	LPA₃	lysophosphatidic acid receptor 3	"	EDG7
S1PR1	S₁P₁	sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1	S1P	EDG1
S1PR2	S₁P₂	sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2	"	EDG5
S1PR3	S₁P₃	sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3	"	EDG3
S1PR4	S₁P₄	sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 4	"	EDG6
S1PR5	S₁P₅	sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 5	"	EDG8

References

^ Chun J, Goetzl EJ, Hla T, Igarashi Y, Lynch KR, Moolenaar W, Pyne S, Tigyi G (2002). "International Union of Pharmacology. XXXIV. Lysophospholipid receptor nomenclature". Pharmacol Rev 54 (2): 265–9. doi:10.1124/pr.54.2.265. PMID 12037142.
^ Meyer zu Heringdorf D, Jakobs KH (2007). "Lysophospholipid receptors: signalling, pharmacology and regulation by lysophospholipid metabolism". Biochim Biophys Acta 1768 (4): 923–40. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.09.026. PMID 17078925.

External links

"Lysophospholipid Receptors". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. http://www.iuphar-db.org/GPCR/ChapterMenuForward?chapterID=1338.
MeSH Lysophospholipid+receptors

v • d • e Membrane proteins, receptors: transmembrane receptors

Asialoglycoprotein receptor - Autoreceptors - Biogenic amine receptor - Eicosanoid receptor (Prostaglandin receptor) - G protein-coupled receptor - Immune receptor - N-Acetylglucosamine receptor - Neuropilins - Neurotransmitter receptor - Olfactory receptor - Protease-activated receptor - Purinergic receptor - Transferrin receptor

Transmembrane receptor: G protein-coupled receptors

Class A: Rhodopsin like

Adrenergic	α1 (A, B, D) · α2 (A, B, C) · β1 · β2 · β3

Eicosanoid	CysLT (1, 2) · LTB4 (1, 2) · FPRL1 · OXE · Prostaglandin (DP (1, 2), EP (1, 2, 3, 4), FP) · Prostacyclin · Thromboxane

Neuropeptide	B/W (1, 2) · FF (1, 2) · S · Y (1, 2, 4, 5) · Neuromedin (B, U (1, 2)) · Neurotensin (1, 2)

Orphan	GPR (1, 3, 4, 6, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 39, 42, 44, 45, 50, 52, 55, 61, 62, 63, 65, 68, 75, 77, 78, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 92, 101, 103, 109A, 109B, 119, 120, 132, 135, 137B, 139, 141, 142, 146, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 160, 161, 162, 171, 173, 174, 176, 177, 182)

Purinergics	Adenosine (A1, A2A, A2B, A3) · P2Y (1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14)

Serotonin	(all but 5-HT3) 5-HT1 (A, B, D, E, F) · 5-HT2 (A, B, C) · 5-HT (4, 5A, 6, 7)

Other	Acetylcholine (M1, M2, M3, M4, M5) · Adrenomedullin · Anaphylatoxin (C3a, C5a) · Angiotensin (1, 2) · Apelin · Bile acid · Bombesin (BRS3, GRPR, NMBR) · Bradykinin (B1, B2) · Cannabinoid (CB1, CB2) · Chemokine · Cholecystokinin (A, B) · Dopamine (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) · EBI2 · Endothelin (A, B) · Estrogen · Formyl peptide (1, L1, L2) · Free fatty acid (1, 2, 3, 4) · FSH · Galanin (1, 2, 3) · Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (1, 2) · GHB receptor · Ghrelin · Histamine (H1, H2, H3, H4) · Kisspeptin · Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin · lysophosphatidic acid (1, 2, 3) · Lysophospholipid (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) · MAS (1, 1L, D, E, F, G, X1, X2, X3, X4) · Melanocortin (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) · MCHR (1, 2) · Melatonin (1A, 1B, 1C) · Niacin (1, 2) · Motilin · Opioid (Delta, Kappa, Mu, Nociceptin & Zeta, but not Sigma) · Olfactory · Opsin (3, 4, 5, 1LW, 1MW, 1SW, RGR, RRH) · Orexin (1, 2) · Oxytocin · Oxoglutarate · PAF · Prokineticin (1, 2) · Prolactin-releasing peptide · Protease-activated (1, 2, 3, 4) · Relaxin (1, 2, 3, 4) · Somatostatin (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) · Sphingosine-1-phosphate (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) · SREB · Succinate · TAAR (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9) · Tachykinin (1, 2, 3) · Thyrotropin · Thyrotropin-releasing hormone · Urotensin-II · Vasopressin (1A, 1B, 2)

Class B: Secretin like

Orphan	GPR (56, 64, 97, 98, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128, 133, 143, 144, 157)

Other	Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor (1, 2, 3) · Cadherin (1, 2, 3) · Calcitonin · CALCRL · CD97 · Corticotropin-releasing hormone (1, 2) · EMR (1, 2, 3) · Glucagon (GR, GIPR, GLP1R, GLP2R) · Growth hormone releasing hormone · PACAPR1 · GPR · Latrophilin (1, 2, 3, ELTD1) · Methuselah-like proteins · Parathyroid hormone (1, 2) · Secretin · Vasoactive intestinal peptide (1, 2)

Class C: Metabotropic
glutamate / pheromone

Taste	TAS1R (1, 2, 3) · TAS2R (1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50)

Other	Calcium-sensing receptor · GABA B (1, 2) · Glutamate receptor (Metabotropic glutamate (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)) · GPRC6A · GPR (156, 158, 179) · RAIG (1, 2, 3, 4)

Frizzled / Smoothened

Frizzled (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) · Smoothened

v • d • e Cell signaling: lipid signaling

Cell membrane	LPA · Lysophospholipid receptor · S1P · PIP₂ · DAG

Cytosol	Phospholipase · IP₃

Sarcoplasmic reticulum	IP₃ receptor

Gq alpha subunit	Phosphoinositide phospholipase C

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Lysophospholipid receptor

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