M1917 Enfield

US Rifle, Model of 1917, Caliber 30
M1917 rifle at Kalamazoo, Michigan Air Zoo Museum
Type	Service rifle
Place of origin	United Kingdom  United States
Service history
Used by	U.S., UK, the Philippines (also France and China under "Lend Lease")
Wars	World War I, World War II
Production history
Designed	1917
Number built	2,193,429 total
Specifications
Weight	9 lb. 3 oz. (4.17 kg)
Length	3 ft. 10.25 in. (1175 mm)
Barrel length	26.0 in (660 mm)
Cartridge	.30-06 Springfield (7.62x63mm)
Action	Modified Mauser turn bolt
Muzzle velocity	2700 ft/s (823 m/s)
Feed system	6-round magazine, 5-round clip fed reloading

The M1917 Enfield, the "American Enfield" (frequently misidentified or mislabeled as the "P17", "P1917", or "Pattern 1917"), formally named "United States Rifle, cal .30, Model of 1917" was an American modification and production of the British .303 caliber P14 rifle developed and manufactured during the period 1917-1918.

History

Before World War I developed, the British Empire realized that its battle rifle, the Short Magazine Lee Enfield (SMLE) was already nearly obsolete. Compared to the German Mausers or US 1903 Springfield, the SMLE's .303 rimmed cartridge, originally a black powder cartridge, was underpowered. Additionally, the rear locking, dual lug design in the SMLE caused receiver stretching which required ever larger replacement bolt heads to be installed over the service life of the arm, and was not ideal for accuracy at shorter combat ranges. Great Britain began development of a new rifle and cartridge copying many of the features of the Mauser system. This development included a front locking, dual lug bolt action with Mauser type claw extractor as well as a new, powerful rimless cartridge of .276 caliber. However, the onset of World War I came too quickly for the UK to put it into production.

As it entered World War I, the UK had an urgent need for rifles and contracts for the new rifle were placed with arms companies in the United States. They decided to ask these companies to produce the new rifle design in the old .303 caliber for logistic commonality. The new rifle was termed the "Pattern 14." In the case of the P14 rifle, Winchester and Remington were selected. A third plant, a subsidiary of Remington, was tooled up at the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Eddystone, PA. Thus three variations of the P14 and M1917 exist, labeled "Winchester," "Remington" and "Eddystone."

When the U.S. entered the war, it had a similar extreme need for rifles. Rather than re-tool the factories to produce the standard US rifle, the M1903 Springfield, it was realised that it would be much quicker to adapt the British design for the US .30-06 cartridge, for which it was well-suited. Accordingly the factories, under the close supervision of the US Army Ordnance Department, altered the design for caliber .30-06. Winchester produced the rifle at their New Haven, Connecticut plant and Remington at their main facility at Ilion, New York and at another plant in Eddystone, Pennsylvania. The M1917 Bayonet was also produced and used on several other small arms. Winchester produced 545,511 rifles; Remington about 545,541 and Eddystone 1,181,908.

Design changes were few; the magazine, bolt face, chamber and rifling dimensions were altered to suit the .30-06 cartridge, and the volley fire sights on the left side of the weapon were deleted. The markings were changed to reflect the model and calibre change.

The new rifle was used alongside the M1903 Springfield rifle and quickly surpassed the Springfield design in numbers produced and units issued. By November 11, 1918 about 60% of the AEF were armed with M1917s.^{[citation needed]} After the armistice, M1917 rifles were disposed of as surplus or placed in storage for the most part, although Chemical Mortar units continued to be issued the M1917. Some American soldiers disliked the exceptional weight of the M1917, and favored the 1903 Springfield.

A continuing source of debate among historians concerns what rifle was used by Sgt. Alvin York during his famous action against the Germans in World War I. While York's son has made mention that Sgt. York used a Springfield, the weapon issued to him was a M1917. (The film starring Gary Cooper as Sgt. York had him using an M1903 and a German Luger pistol.)

After World War I, a large number of M1917 rifles were released for civilian use through the NRA. Many were sporterized, sometimes including rechambering to more powerful magnum hunting cartridges such as .300 H&H Magnum and .300 Winchester Magnum.

The bayonet for the M1917 was also used on all American trench shotguns.

World War II

At the time of the American entry in to World War II, the American Army was still issuing the M1917 to Chemical Mortarmen. Perhaps due to rifle shortages at the start of the war, the M1917 was also issued to artillerymen early in the war, and both mortarmen and artillerymen carried the M1917 in North Africa. Lieutenant Colonel Charles E. Peterson (USAR, retired), a Major in the 101st Airborne in the Normandy action, reported seeing some M1917 rifles issued to rear-echelon troops in France during World War II. Otherwise, before and during World War II, stored rifles were reconditioned for use issue as reserve, training, and Lend-Lease weapons; these rifles are identified by having refinished metal (sandblasted and Parkerized) and sometimes replacement wood (often birch). Many were sent to Britain for use by the Home Guard. These were prominently marked with a red paint stripe around the stock to avoid confusion with the earlier P14 that used the British .303 round. Others were supplied to the Nationalist Chinese forces and to the Free French, both of which can occasionally be seen in photographs being used in action.

Design details

Both P14 and M1917 rifles are noted for several design features. The rifle was designed with a rear receiver aperture sight, protected by sturdy "ears," a design that proved to be faster and more accurate than the typical mid-barrel sight offered by Mauser, Enfield or the Buffington battle sight of the 1903 Springfield. Future American rifles, such as the 1903-A3 Springfield, M1 and M1 Carbine would all use such receiver sights. The M1917 sight was situated on an elongated receiver bridge, which added weight to the action, as well as lengthening the bolt. The M1917 action weighs 58 oz versus 45 oz for the 1903 Springfield.

The rifle maintains the British cock-on-closing feature, in which the bolt's mainspring is loaded and the rifle cocked as part of the return stroke of the bolt, which aided rapid fire, especially as the action heated up. Most bolt action designs after the Mauser 98 cocked as part of the opening stroke. The rifle has a characteristic "belly" due to a deeper magazine, allowing rifle to hold six rounds of the US .30-06 cartridge. In a manufacturing improvement over the Mauser 98 or Springfield, the bolt handle serves as a third or emergency locking lug, should the two lugs at the front of the bolt fail. Virtually all commercial bolt action rifles since have copied this feature. The location of the safety on the right rear of the receiver has also been copied by most sporting bolt action rifles since, as it falls easily under the firer's thumb. The design was very well-suited to the powerful, rimless .30-06 round which was closer in overall length and ballistics to the original high velocity round for which the rifle had been designed than the rimmed, less powerful .303 round of the P14. The M1917 retained the 5-groove left hand twist Enfield-type rifling of the P14, in contrast to the 4-groove right hand twist rifling of the M1903 Springfield and other US designed arms. Many M1917 rifles were refurbished during WWII with newly manufactured High Standard and Johnson Automatics barrels which had 6-groove and 2-groove rifling respectively ^[1].

Design

While developed at the same arsenal, the M1917 is not a version of the .303 caliber rifle of c. 1890-1955, the Lee-Enfield (such as the SMLE version). Both were developed at the Royal Small Arms Factory at Enfield (arsenal) in the United Kingdom. The M1917 was actually a development of the Mauser 98 rifle. Due to the use of rimmed cartridges in the P14, the magazine capacity for the smaller diameter 30-06 was 6 rounds, although stripper clips held only five cartridges.

The action was used as the basis for a variety of commercial and gunsmith-made sporting rifles between the world wars and after; Remington Arms redesigned it, removing the "ears" and changing it to cock-on-open, to become the Remington Model 30 series of rifles in the interwar period. Some (approximately 3000) M1917 rifles were produced in 7 mm and sold to Honduras around 1930. Additional surplus rifles were bought by European arms distributors and converted to 8x57 Mauser, then sold for use in the civil war in Spain during the 1930s.

References

External links

• Olive-Drab.Com - M-1917 Enfield rifle
• Modern Firearms - The M-1917 Enfield rifle
• FM 23-6 Basic Field Manual: U.S. Rifle, Caliber .30, M1917, 20 October 1943

See also

• List of individual weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces