I Macchiaioli

Hay Stacks by Giovanni Fattori, a leading artist in the Macchiaioli movement.

The Macchiaioli were a group of Italian painters from Tuscany, active in the second half of the nineteenth century, who, breaking with the antiquated conventions taught by the Italian academies of art, painted outdoors in order to capture natural light, shade, and colour. The Macchiaioli were forerunners of the Impressionists who, beginning in the 1860s, would pursue similar aims in France. The most notable artists of this movement were Giovanni Fattori, Silvestro Lega and Telemaco Signorini.

The movement

The movement grew from a small group of artists, many of whom had been revolutionaries in the uprisings of 1848. The artists met at the Caffè Michelangiolo in Florence throughout the 1850s to discuss art and politics. These idealistic young men, dissatisfied with the art of the academies, shared a wish to reinvigorate Italian art by emulating the bold tonal structure they admired in such old masters as Rembrandt, Caravaggio and Tintoretto.^[1] They also found inspiration in the paintings of their French contemporaries of the Barbizon school.

They believed that areas of light and shadow, or "macchie" (literally patches or spots) were the chief components of a work of art. The word macchia was commonly used by Italian artists and critics in the nineteenth century to describe the sparkling quality of a drawing or painting, whether due to a sketchy and spontaneous execution or to the harmonious breadth of its overall effect.

A hostile review published on November 3, 1862 in the journal Gazzetta del Popolo marks the first appearance in print of the term Macchiaioli.^[2] The term carried several connotations: it mockingly implied that the artists' finished works were no more than sketches, and recalled the phrase "darsi alla macchia", meaning, idiomatically, to hide in the bushes or scrubland. The artists did, in fact, paint much of their work in these wild areas. This sense of the name also identified the artists with outlaws, reflecting the traditionalists' view that new school of artists was working outside the rules of art, according to the strict laws defining artistic expression at the time.

In its early years the new movement was ridiculed. Many of its artists died in penury, only achieving fame towards the end of the 19th century. Today the work of the Macchiaioli is much better known in Italy than elsewhere; much of the work is held, outside the public record, in private collections there.

The Macchiaioli were the subject of an exhibition at the Chiostro del Bramante in Rome, October 11, 2007 – February 24, 2008, and an exhibition at the Villa Bardini in Florence, March 19 – June 22, 2008. The Macchiaioli are the subject of an an exhibition at the Terme Tamerici in Montecatini, Italy, August 12, 2009 – March 18, 2010.

Castiglioncello :the Macchiaioli art-movement had one focus in the "school of Castiglioncello" (Etruscan Coast).

Artists

Some of the most important artists of the Macchiaioli are:

• Giuseppe Abbati
• Saverio Altamura
• Odoardo Borrani
• Vincenzo Cabianca
• Vito D'Ancona
• Giovanni Fattori
• Silvestro Lega
• Telemaco Signorini

See also

• Hudson River School
• Landscape art
• Barbizon School

Notes

References

• Broude, Norma (1987). The Macchiaioli: Italian Painters of the Nineteenth Century. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03547-0
• Steingräber, E., & Matteucci, G. (1984). The Macchiaioli: Tuscan Painters of the Sunlight : March 14-April 20, 1984. New York: Stair Sainty Matthiesen in association with Matthiesen, London. OCLC 70337478
• Turner, J. (1996). Grove Dictionary of Art. USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517068-7

Further reading

• Panconi, T. (1999). Antologia dei Macchiaioli, La trasformazione sociale e artica nella Toscana di metà 800. Pisa (Italy): Pacini Editore.
• Panconi, T. (2009). I Macchiaioli, Il Nuovo dopo la Macchia. Pisa (Italy): Pacini Editore. ISBN 978-88-6315-135-0
• Durbe, Dario (1978). I Macchiaioli. Rome: DeLuca Editore.