Mackenzie High School

David Mackenzie High School
Address
9275 Wyoming Avenue Detroit, Michigan 48204
Information
School type	Public
Status	Closed in 2007
School district	Detroit Public Schools
Grades	9–12
Language	English
Area	Urban
Color(s)	Royal blue and Gray
Mascot	Stags

Mackenzie High School is in Detroit, Michigan.

Contents 1 History 1.1 The early years: 1928–1940s 1.2 Detroit's West Side and Mackenzie: 1950s–1960s 1.3 Resurgence and finality: 1970s–2007 2 Contributors to the Mackenzie Mystique 3 Tradition of Excellence: The Mackenzie Stags 3.1 Preface 3.2 1930s - 1940s 3.3 1950s - 1960s 3.4 1970s - 1980s 3.5 1990s - 2000s 4 Distinguished alumni of David Mackenzie High School 5 References and Links 6 See also

History

The early years: 1928–1940s

Located on Detroit's west side, David Mackenzie High School was so named to honor the innovative educator who had served faithfully as principal of Central High School, and as first dean of the city college that would become Wayne State University. A native of Detroit, David Mackenzie was born in 1860; he died in 1926.^[1]

Mackenzie High School was among the first schools constructed on land acquired through Detroit's westernmost annexation efforts in Greenfield Township; by 1926 the township had ceased to exist. Adorned in blue and yellow tile from the Pewabic Pottery Works, the three-story facility opened in September 1928. In an effort to make efficient use of available classrooms, the school's early history featured a full range of grade levels – elementary through secondary.

In addition to a rigorous academic regimen, Mackenzie students enjoyed a diverse offering of extracurricular activities that included speech and debate, Reserve Officer Training Corps, swimming and diving, indoor track and field, archery, badminton, speed skating and ice hockey. An amusing article appeared in the January 1930 edition of The DIAL (Mackenzie's monthly news and entertainment magazine); the author admonished a few of the lower-elementary boys for throwing rocks into the school's outdoor ice rink. Over the next quarter century, throughout the Great Depression and a booming World War II-era economy to follow, Mackenzie High School grew in-step with a thriving and vital Detroit.

Detroit's West Side and Mackenzie: 1950s–1960s

Nearly five thousand students attended Mackenzie in 1950, making it one of the largest public schools in the state of Michigan. Inevitably, the post-war economy cooled, Detroit's automobile production slowed, and relatively inexpensive suburban housing developments became abundant; in a densely populated city of nearly two million, Detroiters would once again look for greener pastures. By the early 1950s, Detroit's population was in decline.

The 1950s and 60s also marked a time of enormous social change in Detroit; the city's black citizenry was no longer restricted to the lower east side and near west end. Urban renewal and freeway construction resulted in the demolition of Detroit's black ghettos. Formerly segregated white neighborhoods, including those surrounding Mackenzie, entered a period of rapid integration.

Less than a decade following Detroit's deadly 1943 race riot, neighborhood associations were organizing for the purpose of challenging the home ownership rights of black families; while questionable Board of Education policies provided discriminitory options for white students.^[2] An aura of cautious hope was tempered by resistance, antipathy and outright lawlessness.^[3] Furthermore, an unfortunate sense of mistrust and uneasiness had taken root following the January 1954 post-game stabbing of a Mackenzie basketball player at Central High; the near-fatal attack led to an immediate Board of Education ban on nighttime athletic events for Detroit's high schools.^[4][5][6]

Yet, during the early 1960s, there was a great deal of positive change taking place in Detroit. A young and progressive Mayor, Jerome P. Cavanagh encouraged citizens to embrace a bold new era; the national media referred to Detroit as a "model city" of intercultural harmony. America's love affair with the muscle car resulted in an auto industry upswing, and the city was accorded global recognition for its highly successful "Motown" musical influence. In June 1963, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and 125,000 Detroiters - of all colors - embarked on a Walk to Freedom down Woodward Avenue.^[7]

Despite the generally upbeat mood, a steady decline in Detroit's population had gained noticeable momentum by the mid-1960s; currents of social change had also grown increasingly turbulent. By the late 1960s, much of the United States was rife with social and political unrest; emotionally charged issues and incidents sparked civil disturbances in dozens of communities nationwide. In Detroit, downscaled production and subsequent layoffs in the automotive industry only made matters worse.

In July 1967, a police raid at an illegal drinking establishment escalated to five nights of deadly rioting on Detroit's lower west side; less than nine months later, smoldering anger reignited. On April 5, 1968 - the day that followed the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. - chaos and random violence gripped several Detroit schools. At Mackenzie, Mumford and Cooley High School, walkouts and physical assaults spilled from classrooms to hallways, and onto the streets.^[8] Carloads of agitators were observed at Cody, Redford and suburban Oak Park High School; teachers, administrators and Board officials were overwhelmed.^[9][10]

As the 1960s drew to a close, an accelerated outflow of white students was evident at Mackenzie; hundreds had transferred to Cody, Lutheran-West/Rosary, Redford and Cass Technical High School. On a larger scale, thousands of families relocated to neighborhoods further west, or opted out of Detroit altogether for the northwestern Wayne County communities of Livonia, Westland and Redford Township.

Then in 1971, a court-ordered (and subsequently delayed) program of public school busing^[2] evoked further resentment, while hastening the erosion of Detroit's multicultural fabric and tax base.

Resurgence and finality: 1970s–2007

As Detroit's population declined, the public schools suffered successive rounds of budget cuts and staff reductions; nevertheless, thanks largely to athletic accomplishments, Mackenzie High School experienced a renaissance in school pride. Throughout the 1960s and 70s, Mackenzie student-athletes captured numerous state titles in the sport of track and field. Those noteworthy individual accomplishments were followed by a 1978 Michigan High School Athletic Association team championship in girls' track and field, and a 1979 MHSAA title in boys' basketball. Between 1970 and 1990, Mackenzie's football program earned the media spotlight by producing seven individuals who progressed to the National Football League; three of those athletes earned Super Bowl championship rings.

Yet, by 1980, Mackenzie High School's enrollment had fallen below 2600 students, about half the figure reported for 1952. Meanwhile, between 1950 and 1980, Detroit's population fell from 1.85 to 1.2 million—a 35% loss in citizenry. The ravaging effect of spiraling economic decline continues to plague many of our nation's older urban areas, Detroit has not been spared. Entire neighborhoods languish in ruin; acre upon acre of vacant land currently support herds of whitetail deer and populations of wild pheasant.

In 2007, fewer than 1100 students attended Mackenzie on a regular basis. During an April 2007 meeting, the Detroit Board of Education announced that -due to budget constraints and declining enrollment- David Mackenzie High School would not open its doors for the 2007–2008 school year.

Side note: Reliable estimates peg Detroit's 2009 public school enrollment at 85,000; representing a 50% decline from the figure reported in 2002, and the lowest pupil total since 1916.^[11][12]

Contributors to the Mackenzie Mystique

Few dedicated professionals have matched the record of Mr. A. Rex Carletti; the beloved guidance counselor and National Honor Society sponsor served Mackenzie High School students from 1932 until 1974. Eight US Presidents, eleven Michigan Governors and ten Mayors of Detroit would come and go during Mr. Carletti's forty-two year career.

Critically acclaimed professional actor, and 1951 graduate, Tom Skerritt speaks fondly of the many days (and nights) spent crafting his skills at Mackenzie. Skerritt made his network television debut in 1959, appearing in the CBS series Gunsmoke. Tom's cinematic credits include M*A*S*H (1970); Harold and Maude (1971); Ice Castles (1978); Alien (1979); SpaceCamp (1986); Top Gun (1986); Steel Magnolias (1989), A River Runs Through It (1992); Contact (1997), and Bonneville (2006). Tom also starred in the 1990s CBS television series, Picket Fences.

Stanley Mouse (Miller) attended Mackenzie for two years before a mischievous prank resulted in his expulsion. Mouse Miller is a noteworthy artist, best known for creating the late 1950s "monster hot rod" art form (subsequently popularized by Ed Roth and his hugely successful line of Rat Fink merchandise). Mouse also designed psychedelic rock concert posters and album cover art. During the mid-1960s, through his Mouse Studios, Miller and associates were commissioned by music promoter Bill Graham to create many of the classic posters for the Avalon Ballroom and Fillmore Auditorium. In 1971, along with artist Alton Kelley, Stanley Miller incorporated Mouse Studios with the Monster Company—first to create t-shirts using four-color process printing. Mouse Studios also produced album cover art for rock bands Journey and Grateful Dead.^[13]

Ernie Charboneau, longtime physical education instructor and athletic coach at Mackenzie, was a competitive boxer for Michigan State University; Charboneau won the 1948 National Collegiate Athletic Association flyweight (112-pound) championship.^[14]

Bob Dozier was a renowned educator and football coach at Mackenzie High School; his 33-year career spanned five decades (1969–2002). Six of Coach Dozier's athletes would eventually perform in the NFL; three of them played on Super Bowl championship teams.

In his early years of coaching at Mackenzie, Dozier teamed with Wayne State University Hall of Fame fullback Elbert Richmond. Prior to Dozier's arrival, during the teacher strike-shortened 1967 season, Richmond's Mackenzie football team went 5-0; the Stag defensive squad did not yield a single point. From 1969 to 1978, the coaching tandem of Elbert Richmond and Bob Dozier compiled an impressive record of 63–20 (.759), including an undefeated season in 1969.^[15] One of Richmond's defensive backs, Richard Byas Jr., went on to a rewarding career with the Atlanta Falcons of the NFL.

Elbert Richmond also enjoyed a long and successful career as varsity basketball coach at Mackenzie; his 1978-79 squad won the MHSAA title.^[16] In 1998, Richmond was honored with induction to the Basketball Coaches Association of Michigan Hall of Fame.^[17]

Tradition of Excellence: The Mackenzie Stags

Preface

For 30 years (1931–1961), Detroit public high schools did not participate in MHSAA tournament events; the Detroit Board of Education insisted that emphasis be placed upon winning city championships. As a direct consequence, some of Michigan's best prep athletes (including several from Mackenzie) would never compete for a state title.^[18]

1930s - 1940s

In terms of athletic laurels, by virtue of his 1930 MHSAA high jump title, Arnold Deneau was Mackenzie's first major champion. The school's golf squad was first to win a city championship, claiming top honors for Mackenzie in 1932 and 1933. In the fall of 1944, Coach Richard Frankowski and All-Metropolitan offensive back Tino Sabuco led the Mackenzie football team to a 9–0 record; in fitting tribute, Michigan sportswriters rewarded Mackenzie High School with the title of consensus State Champions.^[19] Sabuco played collegiate football at Wayne State University and the University of San Francisco; he played professionally with the San Francisco 49ers.^[20] 1944 was indeed a magical year at Mackenzie High School; in addition to earning top football honors, the Stag basketball team went 20–0. At season's end, playing to a capacity crowd at Central High School, Coach Herb Spathelf and his Mackenzie Stags defeated Northwestern High School to claim the City League championship trophy. Seniors Dick Hall, Ted Krzeminski, and, multi-sport headliner, Tino Sabuco were honored with selection to the All-Metropolitan Squad by the Detroit News.^[21]

In 1946, Mackenzie's Alex Foley was the best high jumper and pole vaulter in Michigan; Foley won city championships in both events.^[22] During the 1948 basketball season, Arnold Domke set a city league single-game record with 43 points in a February 3 contest versus Central; Domke's record stayed on the books for six years.^[23]

1950s - 1960s

Mackenzie's track and field team was once again in the spotlight during the 1954 season, when the varsity four-mile relay squad set an American interscholastic record of 18:56.8^[24] For Mackenzie's swimming and diving program, 1956 was a phenomenal year; in February, Richard Boka, Howard Scarborough, John C. Smith and (future NCAA champion) Tony Tashnick led the Stags to a city championship. In the summer of '56, Scarborough and Tashnick competed in their respective freestyle events at the US Olympic Trials.^[25] 1956 also marked the first time an athlete from Mackenzie would compete in the Olympic Games; diver Barbara Sue Gilders, the Olympic Trials silver medalist, placed fourth in the three-meter final at the Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia.^[25]

Beyond 1956, Gilders won a bronze medal at the 1959 Pan American Games; she was also the 1959 (indoor) US Open champion.^[26][27] During the late 1950s, Tony Tashnick firmly established himself as one of the best all-around swimmers in the United States; setting US Open records in the 100 and 200 yard butterfly and 200 yard individual medley. Tony Tashnick went on to swim the 200 meter butterfly at the 1960 US Olympic Trials; finishing in third place, narrowly missing a trip to the Olympic Games in Rome, Italy.^[28][29]

Rightfully on this list of nationally recognized swimmers is 1958 Mackenzie graduate Gary LaPrise. Representing Bowling Green State University, Gary was a three-time (1960-62) Mid-American Conference champion in the 50 and 100-yard freestyle; he was also named to the NCAA All-America team in 1960 and 1962. LaPrise was honored with induction to the BGSU Athletic Hall of Fame in 1970. ^[30]

With Detroit's return to MHSAA competition in 1962, it didn't take long for Mackenzie track and field athletes to make their presence known. During the 1963 season, Dennis Lugar, Cotrell Poole, Duane Varner, and Charles Poindexter took top honors in the one-mile relay. In 1967, Charles Robinson was state champion in both the 100 and 220-yard dash. Two years later, at the 1969 MHSAA Finals, the team of Carlos Woods, John Ware, Darryl Arnold and, 100-yard state champion, Ken James struck gold for Mackenzie in the 880-yard relay.

1970s - 1980s

In 1971, John Ross set a MHSAA Finals record on his way to winning the state long jump title; Ross became the school's first field event champion in forty-one years. Then, in 1972, the 880-yard relay team of Andre Payne, Ron Duncan, Ed Glass, and Gary Quick won what would turn out to be the last state championship in a men's track and field event for Mackenzie High School.^[31]

In the spring of 1975, Mike Brown, Carlos Armstrong, Jeff Moore, Wayne Robinson and Coach Ron Thompson led the Stag baseball team to a City League title, with a victory over Western High School, at Butzel Field. In 1978 (Mackenzie High's 50th anniversary), Alfreda Bronson, Lela Fitten, Myra Jones, Melanie Tillman, and Kimberly Watts joined Carman Rivers, Delisa Walton and Coach Barb Halinski to win the MHSAA Women's Track and Field championship - the school's first state title in any sport.^[32] The following year, Steve Caldwell scored 28 points during Mackenzie's convincing 72–64 victory over Pontiac Central High School, in the 1979 MHSAA Championship basketball game. In less than a year, Mackenzie athletes had earned two state championship trophies.

Side note: Delisa Walton enjoyed a brilliant athletic career at the University of Tennessee. For several years to follow, as Delisa Walton-Floyd, she was one of America's best runners at 800 meters. In 1988, Delisa Walton-Floyd became Mackenzie's second Olympian; placing fifth in the 800 at the 1988 Summer Olympics.

Mackenzie basketball history was made in January 1984; Duane Marcellis, Derrick Richmond, Mario Person, and Doug Blanchard paced the Stags to their first DPSSAL basketball crown since the 1944 season. Five months later, pitcher Larry Simmons led the Stag baseball team to the PSL Championships. In the PSL final, Simmons threw a 5–0 shutout over Northwestern High. The 1984 baseball team went on to play in the Operation Friendship Game, against Divine Child High School, at Tiger Stadium.

1990s - 2000s

During the 2000-01 season, senior Ricky Willis led the men's basketball team to a record of 21–3. In an exiting run through the MHSAA tournament, Mackenzie High School reached the semi-final round. The record books reveal that, between 1971 and 2001, the Mackenzie Stags made seven MHSAA Final-Four appearances.^[33]

Although Mackenzie's football program produced several players that went on to professional careers in the NFL, the school's win-loss record dipped during much of the 1980s and 90s. A dramatic shift occurred between 2002 and 2006; the football team posted a overall record of 33–19. In 2006, Mackenzie went 9–3 during a brilliant campaign that ended with a one-point loss to Novi High School, in the third-round of MHSAA tournament play.^[34]

Distinguished alumni of David Mackenzie High School

• Arnold Deneau (1932) Mackenzie's first sports celebrity; Deneau won a gold medal in the high jump at the 1930 MHSAA Finals

• Bob Keene (1937) Played collegiate football for the University of Detroit; played professionally with the Detroit Lions (1943–1945)

• Shirley Risburg (1938) Two-year girl's hockey letter winner (team captain); future wife of famed collegiate football coach, David M. Nelson

• Alex Foley (1946) DPSSAL champion, pole vault and high jump; top performer in both events among Michigan high school athletes (1946)

• J. Patrick Clysdale (1946) Western Michigan University Football Captain (1950); long career as WMU athletic department administrator

• Ray Lane (1947) – Noted Detroit sports personality; teamed with Ernie Harwell on Detroit Tigers play-by-play broadcasts (1967–1972)

• Arnold Domke (1948) – Former Athletic Director at Edsel Ford High School; coached EFHS cross country team to 1981 MHSAA title^[35]

• Tom Skerritt (1951) – Emmy Award-winning actor; Tom has appeared in more than 40 motion pictures and over 200 television episodes

• John Mackenzie (1952) – MHSAA Athlete of the Year; DPSSAL Champion, 880-yard run; 1956 Mid-American Conference titlist at 880^[36]

• Don Lukens (1954) – Retired track coach at Kalamazoo Loy Norrix High School; 26 seasons and 21 Conference championships

• Don Yarber (1954) Author: "Bodies and Beaches"; "Corpses and Canyons"

• Dallas Garrett (1956) MHS basketball captain; football & basketball letterman at Wayne State University; played one season in the ABL

• Barbara Sue Gilders (1956) Less than one point from a bronze medal in springboard diving at the 1956 Summer Olympics

• Marilyn Jean Kelly (1956) Current Chief Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court

• Tony Tashnick (1956) US collegiate champion, 100 & 200 butterfly (1958); lead University of Michigan to NCAA swimming title^[37][38]

• Gary LaPrise (1958) NCAA All-American swimmer for Bowling Green State University; 1970 inductee to BGSU Athletic Hall of Fame

• Jim Oliphant (1958) Two-time NCAA All-American track athlete for Western Michigan University, high jump (1961, 62)^[39]

• Chuck Wasiluk (1958) former MHS baseball player; longtime WDIV-TV producer/director on Detroit Tigers television network

• Douglas Garrett (1962) Basketball All-PSL (West); USMC All-Star; JUCO All-American; Oakland City University Professor; Author

• Saul Green (1965) Appointed Deputy Mayor of Detroit in 2008; US Attorney for the Eastern District of Michigan (1994-2001)

• Dr. Sidney Ribeau (1965) President, Howard University; served as President at Bowling Green State University (1995-2008)

• Sessions Harlan (1966) Detroit Free Press All-DPSSAL Basketball Team; performed in track and basketball for Weber State University

• Jerome Beacham, PhD (1967) Former VP and Certification Chairman, International Medical and Dental Hypnotherapy Association

• Charles Robinson (1967) MHSAA Champion, 100 and 220 Yard Dash (1966)

• Homer Gaines (1968) As a WMU athlete, Gaines was the Mid-American Conference champion, 120-yard high hurdles (1972)

• Fred LaMar (1968) MHS basketball standout, shot put record holder; currently a highly successful metro-Detroit athletic coach

• Ken James (1969) – MHSAA Champion, 100-yard dash (1969)

• Roz Ryan (1969) Broadway performer; provided voice for Thalia in Hercules and Bubbie in The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack

• Gary Waters (1969) Head Basketball Coach, Cleveland State University; Horizon League Coach of the Year (2008)

• Richard Byas Jr. (1970) Former National Football League defensive back; veteran of seven seasons with Atlanta Falcons

• Carlos Woods (1970) As a sprinter for Eastern Michigan University, Woods won a Mid-American Conference title at 100 yards (1974)

• William "Sugar Bear" Daniels (1971) All-City baseball pitcher; first-round MLB draft selection of the Oakland Athletics in 1971^[40]

• John Ross (1971) DPSSAL long jump champion; set state record (7.29 meters) on his gold medal jump at MHSAA Finals (1971)

• Lovelle Rivers (1971) Selected to Detroit News All-DPSSAL & All-State Basketball Team; All-City track athlete

• Chuck Greene (1976) All-American javelin thrower at WMU (1981); World Maccabiah Games Champion (1985)^[41]

• Carman Rivers (1978) MHSAA Champion, 220-yard Dash (1978)

• Keith Smith (1978) First-Team selection, Detroit Free Press & Detroit News, Dream Team All-State Basketball Squad

• Delisa Walton (1979) silver medalist at 800 meters, 1987 Pan American Games; 800 meters finalist, 1988 Olympic Games

• Kevin Brooks (1981) Former NFL defensive end; veteran of six seasons with Dallas Cowboys and Detroit Lions

• (Thomas) Pepper Johnson (1982) All-America at Ohio State; All-Pro linebacker for Super Bowl Champion New York Giants (1986, 90)

• Larry Simmons (1984) Collegiate baseball player for Wayne State University

• Derrick Carr (1985) Four-year varsity football player for Bowling Green State University; signed with Los Angeles Rams in 1991

• Doug Smith (1987) Selected to Parade Magazine All-American Team; played professionally with Dallas Mavericks & Boston Celtics

• Gilbert Brown (1989) Played defensive tackle for 1996 NFL Super Bowl Champion Green Bay Packers

• Derrick Hall (1989) His single-game scoring performance of 56 points (12-02-88) ranks third all-time in DPSSAL basketball history

• Marcus Wise (1989) CF/P, Detroit News, First-Team All-City, Michigan Chronicle, All-City Dream Team, PSL All-Star Team; .558 BA

• Sylvester Wright (1989) Played college football for Kansas; played professionally with the Philadelphia Eagles (1995–1996)

• Jerome Bettis (1990) All-Pro running back for L.A. Rams and 2006 Super Bowl Champion Pittsburgh Steelers; 14 year NFL veteran

• Daniel Lawson (1998) played collegiate basketball for Mott Community College and Oklahoma State University^[42][43]

• Rawle Marshall (2000) Oakland University graduate; played professional basketball with Dallas Mavericks and Indiana Pacers

• Rickey Willis (2001) Played collegiate basketball at Western Michigan; is ranked third among WMU career assist leaders^[44]

• Darrin Trammell Jr. (2006) Two-time finalist, MHSAA track and field championships; currently a sprinter-high jumper for EMU^[45]

References and Links

1. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_L._Mackenzie
2. ^ ^{a b} http://openjurist.org/484/f2d/215/bradley-v-g-milliken
3. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Race_Riot_(1943)
4. ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=lIEKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7ksDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6721,864320
5. ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=110&dat=19540119&id=PRQJAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wDwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=841,666808
6. ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HfASAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fgAEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2235,565494
7. ^ http://michiganhistorymagazine.com/kids/pdfs/mittenapr03.pdf
8. ^ http://www.alumni.wayne.edu/uploaded_pics/pdf/pdf-20070530160939.pdf
9. ^ http://mumford.albany.edu/census/othersay/detroitnews/Stories/Major%20moments%20in%20Metro%20Detroit%20race%20relations%20-%201-14-02.pdf
10. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=8xQq5r4KTH4C&dq=Algier's+Motel+incident&printsec=frontcover&source=bn&hl=en&ei=q41NSqKZAYX2NcGEhO4D&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4
11. ^ http://www.clickondetroit.com/news/17565822/detail.html
12. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit#Public_schools
13. ^ http://www.mousestudios.com/bio.htm
14. ^ http://web1.ncaa.org/web_files/stats/winter_champs_records/2002/discontinued2.pdf
15. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Dozier
16. ^ http://www.mhsaa.com/Sports/BoysBasketball/YearlyChampions.aspx
17. ^ http://photos.digitalsports.com/956846/HallOfFameHistorical.pdf
18. ^ http://www.mhsaa.com/games/sports/bbb/psl.pdf
19. ^ http://www.mhsaa.com/resources/library/mythical.pdf
20. ^ http://www.usfdons.com/trads/sanf-pros.html
21. ^ http://www.detroitpslbasketball.com/
22. ^ http://www.michtrack.org/lists/HS%20Boys%201946.pdf
23. ^ http://www.detroitpslbasketball.com/?page_id=104
24. ^ http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F6071FF739591A7493C3A8178FD85F418585F9
25. ^ ^{a b} http://www.goggleawards.org/USASWeb/_Rainbow/Documents/1196d3cb-681c-4190-80fb-d5170d94bcc3/1956.pdf
26. ^ http://www.archive.org/stream/bestsportsstorie006773mbp/bestsportsstorie006773mbp_djvu.txt
27. ^ Diving Results: 1959 Pan American Games
28. ^ http://www.usaswimming.org/USASWeb/_Rainbow/Documents/57990b2c-e139-4432-bfeb-32601094e415/scy_men_event_history.pdf
29. ^ http://www.usaswimming.org/USASWeb/_Rainbow/Documents/e0484f53-a11a-4056-aefd-7cef300751d3/1960.pdf
30. ^ http://www.bgsufalcons.com/hof.aspx?hof=87&path=&kiosk
31. ^ http://www.mhsaa.com/sports/index.htm
32. ^ http://www.michtrack.org/AOY.htm
33. ^ http://michigan-football.com/bb/totalbb.htm
34. ^ http://michigan-football.com/f/totalfb.htm
35. ^ http://www.petoskeynews.com/articles/2009/02/09/obituaries/doc49902d397ea47481738577.txt
36. ^ http://www.bringbacktrack.com/History/TrackField_Record_Book.asp
37. ^ http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,863266,00.html
38. ^ http://web1.ncaa.org/web_files/stats/champs_records_book/1999-00/m_swimming.pdf
39. ^ http://www.bringbacktrack.com/History/Tribute_Project/All_Americans.html
40. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Major_League_Baseball_Draft#First_round_selections
41. ^ http://www.bringbacktrack.com/History/Tribute_Project/All_Americans.html
42. ^ http://www.rightdivision.com/assets/handouts/OSU_Basketball_Team_Plane_Crash.pdf
43. ^ http://www.okstate.com/sports/m-baskbl/spec-rel/012701aaa.html
44. ^ https://www.nmnathletics.com//pdf4/146076.pdf?ATCLID=1600443&SPSID=24351&SPID=1924&DB_OEM_ID=4600
45. ^ http://www.emueagles.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=2546&path=mtrack

See also

• 12th Street Riot

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