(botany) The type order of the subclass Magnoliidae; members are woody plants distinguished by the presence of spherical ethereal oil cells and by a well-developed perianth of separate tepals.
Magnoliales
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(mag′nō·lē′ā·lēz)
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An order of flowering plants consisting of six families, the best known of which are Magnoliaceae (220 species) and Annonaceae (2200 species). The others contain some botanically interesting and peculiar plants (305 species), but none besides Myristicaceae (300 species) are commonly encountered. Previously, many authors have considered these families as among the most primitive of the flowering plants, but in all cases the plants exhibit some highly derived traits. Studies of sequences of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) demonstrate that Magnoliales are closely related to Laurales, Piperales, and Winterales, and then more distantly to the monocotyledons.
Some species are of minor economic importance in various parts of the tropics: Annonaceae contain the custard apple, soursop, and sweetsop (Annona species), ylang-ylang (an aromatic oil is produced by the flowers of Canaga odorata), and Mkilua fragrans is the source of a perfume. Myristica fragrans (Myristicaeae) is the source of nutmeg and mace, and seeds of several species in this family are used locally to produce consumable oils that are sometimes also used for candle making. Of Magnoliaceae, many species of Magnolia (tulip trees) are used as ornamental trees in the temperate and tropical zones, and Liriodendron (yellow poplar or green tulip tree) is a commonly planted shade tree throughout the north temperate region. The latter is also a valuable timber-producing genus. See also Laurales; Piperales; Tulip tree.
| Wikipedia: Magnoliales |
| Magnoliales | |
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| a Magnolia flower, showing all the parts | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Angiospermae |
| (unranked): | Mesangiospermae |
| Subclass: | Magnoliidae |
| Order: | Magnoliales Bromhead |
| Families | |
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Annonaceae |
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Magnoliales is an order of flowering plants.
Contents |
Classification
The Magnoliales includes six families:
- Annonaceae (custard apple family, over 2000 species of trees, shrubs, and lianas; mostly tropical but some temperate)
- Degeneriaceae (two species of trees found on Pacific islands)
- Eupomatiaceae (two species of trees and shrubs found in New Guinea and eastern Australia)
- Himantandraceae (two species of trees and shrubs, found in tropical areas in Southeast Asia and Australia)
- Magnoliaceae (about 225 species including magnolias and tulip trees)
- Myristicaceae (several hundred species including Nutmeg)
APG system
The APG system (1998) and the APG II system (2003) place this order is in the clade magnoliids, circumscribed as follows:
order Magnoliales
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| The current composition and phylogeny of the Magnoliales.[1][2] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In these systems, published by the APG, the Magnoliales are a basal group, excluded from the eudicots.
Earlier systems
The Cronquist system (1981) placed the order in the subclass Magnoliidae of class Magnoliopsida (=dicotyledons) and used this circumscription:
- order Magnoliales
- family Annonaceae
- family Austrobaileyaceae
- family Canellaceae
- family Degeneriaceae
- family Eupomatiaceae
- family Himantandraceae
- family Lactoridaceae
- family Magnoliaceae
- family Myristicaceae
- family Winteraceae
The Thorne system (1992) placed the order in superorder Magnolianae, subclass Magnoliidae (= dicotyledons), in the class Magnoliopsida (= angiosperms) and used this circumscription (including the plants placed in order Laurales and Piperales by other systems):
- order Magnoliales
- family Amborellaceae
- family Annonaceae
- family Aristolochiaceae
- family Austrobaileyaceae
- family Calycanthaceae
- family Canellaceae
- family Chloranthaceae
- family Degeneriaceae
- family Eupomatiaceae
- family Gomortegaceae
- family Hernandiaceae
- family Himantandraceae
- family Illiciaceae
- family Lactoridaceae
- family Lauraceae
- family Magnoliaceae
- family Monimiaceae
- family Myristicaceae
- family Piperaceae
- family Saururaceae
- family Schisandraceae
- family Trimeniaceae
- family Winteraceae
The Engler system, in its update of 1964, placed the order in subclassis Archychlamydeae in class Dicotyledoneae (=dicotyledons) and used this circumscription:
- order Magnoliales
- family Amborellaceae
- family Annonaceae
- family Austrobaileyaceae
- family Calycanthaceae
- family Canellaceae
- family Cercidiphyllaceae
- family Degeneriaceae
- family Eupomatiaceae
- family Eupteleaceae
- family Gomortegaceae
- family Hernandiaceae
- family Himantandraceae
- family Illiciaceae
- family Lauraceae
- family Magnoliaceae
- family Monimiaceae
- family Myristicaceae
- family Schisandraceae
- family Trimeniaceae
- family Tetracentraceae
- family Trochodendraceae
- family Winteraceae
The Wettstein system, latest version published in 1935, did not use this name although it had an order with a similar circumscription with the name Polycarpicae. This was placed in the Dialypetalae in subclass Choripetalae of class Dicotyledones. (See also Sympetalae).
From the above it will be clear that the plants included in this order by APG have always been seen as related. They have always been placed in the order Magnoliales (or a predecessor). The difference is that earlier systems have also included other plants, which have been moved to neighbouring orders (in the magnoliids) by APG.
References
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Magnoliales |
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Wikispecies has information related to: Magnoliales |
- ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2003). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 141: 399–436. doi:. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/full/.
- ^ Soltis, P. S.; D. E. Soltis (2004). "The origin and diversification of Angiosperms". American Journal of Botany 91: 1614–1626. doi:. http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/91/10/1614.
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Mentioned in
- avocado (botany)
- camphor tree (botany)
- cinnamon (botany)
- Degeneriaceae (botany)
- Himantandraceae (botany)
- Lauraceae (botany)
- Magnoliaceae (botany)
- sassafras (botany)
- Annonaceae (botany)
- Winteraceae (botany)
- calycanthus (plant)
- Laurales (magnoliophyta)
- Magnoliidae (magnoliophyta)
- Eudicotyledons (magnoliophyta)
