Makin Island raid

Makin Island raid Part of the Pacific Theater of World War II U.S. Marines return to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on August 26, 1942, on board the U.S. submarine Nautilus following their raid on Makin Island Date August 17, 1942 – August 18, 1942 Location Butaritari (Makin Island) in the Pacific Ocean Result U.S. tactical victory Belligerents  United States Empire of Japan Commanders Chester Nimitz, Evans Carlson Kōsō Abe, Kanemitsu Strength 211 83–160, 12 aircraft, 2 small ships Casualties and losses 18 killed, 9 captured (executed later) 16 wounded 83–160 killed 2 flying boats destroyed 2 small ships sunk[1]

v • d • e Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign Marshalls-Gilberts raids – Makin raid – Tarawa – Makin – Kwajalein – Truk – Eniwetok

The Makin Island Raid (pronounced, "Muckin") (occurred on August 17, 1942 – August 18, 1942) was an attack by the United States Marine Corps on Japanese military forces on Makin Island (now known as Butaritari Island) in the Pacific Ocean. The aim was to destroy Japanese installations, take prisoners, gain intelligence on the Gilbert Islands area, and divert Japanese attention and reinforcements from the Allied landings on Guadalcanal and Tulagi.

Preparations and organization

The raid was among the first American offensive ground combat operations of World War II. The others were the 32nd Infantry Division and 41st Infantry Division on New Guinea, the 1st Marine Division and the Americal Division on Guadalcanal, and the 9th, 3rd Infantry and the 2nd Armored Divisions in North Africa.

The USMC raiding force was drawn from the 2nd Raider Battalion and comprised a small battalion command group and two of the Battalion's six rifle companies. Because of space limitations aboard ship, each company embarked without one of its rifle sections. Battalion headquarters, Company A and 18 men from Company B (totaling 121 troops) were embarked aboard USS Argonaut and the remainder of B Company (totaling 90 men) was embarked aboard USS Nautilus. The raiding force was designated Task Group 7.15.^[2]

Execution of the raid

Makin as seen by USS Nautilus

The Marines launched in rubber boats powered by small, 6 hp outboard motors shortly after midnight of August 17. Surface conditions were windy and rainy, with a difficult chop, swamping many boats and drowning out outboard motors. The mission continued with operable boats towing to shore those without power.

The Raiders landed at 05:30 and swiftly defeated the Japanese garrison, estimated to number as few as 83 or as many as 160 troops. During the fighting, Sergeant Clyde A. Thomason was killed while leading an assault on a Japanese position. Thomason was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions and was the first Marine recipient of this honor during World War II.^[3]

Evacuation of the Raiders

The Raiders were evacuated from the island by the same two submarines. USMC casualties were given as 18 killed in action and 12 missing in action. Of the 12 Marines missing in action, one was later identified among the 18 Marine Corps graves found on Makin Island. Of the remaining eleven Marines missing in action, nine were inadvertently left behind or returned to the island during the night withdrawal. They were subsequently captured, moved to Kwajalein Atoll, and executed by Japanese forces.^[4] The remaining two Marines were never located.

Conclusions

Carlson reported that he had personally counted 83 Japanese bodies and estimated that "160" Japanese were killed based on reports from the Makin Island natives with whom he spoke. Additional Japanese personnel may have been killed in the destruction of two boats and two aircraft. Morison states that 60 Japanese were killed in the sinking of one of the boats.

Although the Marine Raiders succeeded in annihilating the Japanese garrison on the island, the raid failed to meet its other material objectives. No Japanese prisoners were taken, and no meaningful intelligence was collected. Also, no significant Japanese forces were diverted from the Solomon Islands area. In fact, because the vulnerabilities to their garrisons in the Gilbert Islands were highlighted by the raid, the Japanese strengthened their fortifications and defensive preparations on the islands in the central Pacific, which may have caused heavier losses for U.S. forces during the battles of the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaigns. However, the raid did succeed in its objectives of boosting morale and testing Raider tactics.^[5]

The raid in popular culture

• A Hollywood movie depicting the raid was made in 1943, Gung Ho!: The Story of Carlson's Makin Island Raiders.
• The raid on Makin Island was prominently featured in the Treyarch video game Call of Duty: World at War as the first level in the campaign mode.
• The raid on Makin was also featured as a level in the Electronic Arts video game Medal of Honor: Pacific Assault.
• The raid on Makin was also featured in Call To Arms, the second novel of The Corps Series by author W.E.B. Griffin.

See also

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Notes

References

• Hough, LtCol Frank O., USMCR; Maj Verle E. Ludwig, USMC, Henry I. Shaw, Jr., (1958). Pearl Harbor To Guadalcanal, History Of The Marine Corps Operations In World War II, Volume I. Washington, D.C.: United States Marine Corps. 
• Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949 (reissue 2001)). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942, vol. 4 of History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Champaign, Illinois, USA: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06995-6. 
• Morison, Samuel Eliot (1961). Aleutians, Gilberts and Marshalls, June 1942 – April 1944, vol. 7 of History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ASIN B0007FBB8I. 
• Rottman, Gordon; Duncan Anderson (consultant editor) (2005). US Special Warfare Units in the Pacific Theatre 1941–45. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 1841767077. 
• Peatross, Oscar F.; John P. McCarthy and John Clayborne (editors) (1995). Bless 'em All: The Raider Marines of World War II. Review. ISBN 0965232506. 
• Smith, George W. (2003). Carlson's Raid: The Daring Marine Assault on Makin. Berkley Trade. ISBN 978-0-425-19019-7. - Neutral review of this book: [1]
• Wiles, W. Emerson "Tripp" (2007). Forgotten Raiders of '42: The Fate of the Marines Left Behind on Makin. Potomac Books. ISBN 978-1-59797-055-6. 
• Young, Howard. "Carlson's Raiders on Makin, 17–18 August 1942", Marine Corps Gazette 87(8): August 31, 2003.
• Call Of Duty: World At War; the opening mission: Semper Fi and the online maps Makin and Makin Day, take place on the Island.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Makin Raid

{*FROM MAKIN TO BOUGAINVILLE: Marine Raiders in the Pacific War by Major Jon T Hoffman, USMCR, official USMC historical account of raid

• World War II Submarines and Marines Unite, press release by Commander, Submarines Pacific, in 2000 summarizing the raid.
• Crowl, Philip A.; Edmund G. Love (1955). "Seizure of the Gilberts and Marshalls". United States Army in World War II — The War in the Pacific. Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. pp. 60–66. http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Gilberts/index.html. Retrieved January 23, 2007. - Briefly describes the Makin Raid and its impact on future U.S. operations in the Gilbert Islands.
• Hoffman, Jon T. (1995). "Makin" (brochure). FROM MAKIN TO BOUGAINVILLE: Marine Raiders in the Pacific War. Marine Corps Historical Center. http://www.nps.gov/archive/wapa/indepth/extContent/usmc/pcn-190-003130-00/sec4.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-21. 
• Whitman, Edward C.. "SUBMARINE COMMANDOS: "Carlson's Raiders" at Makin Atoll". Undersea Warfare. United States Navy, Chief of Naval Operations, Submarine Warfare Division. http://www.chinfo.navy.mil/navpalib/cno/n87/usw/issue_10/submarine_commandos.html. Retrieved 2006-11-21. 
• Enright, Ray (Director). 'Gung Ho!': The Story of Carlson's Makin Island Raiders [Feature-length film]. Universal Pictures. — U.S. propaganda film that dramatizes the Makin Raid.
• CILHI Report of Makin USMC remains {Pdf download}
• list of 19 USMC KIA on Makin
• list of 9 USMC Killed on Kwajelein