The Mamluk Dynasty or Ghulam Dynasty (Urdu: غلام خاندان, Hindi: ग़ुलाम ख़ानदान), directed into India by Qutb-ud-din Aybak, a Turkic general of Central Asian birth, was the first of five unrelated dynasties to rule India's Delhi Sultanate from 1206 to 1290.[1][2] Aibak's tenure as a Ghorid administrator ranged between 1192 to 1206, a period during which he led invasions into the Gangetic heartland of India and established control over some of the new areas.[2] Aibak rose to power when a Ghorid superior was assassinated.[3] However, his reign as the sultan of Delhi was short lived as he expired in 1210 and his son Aram Shah rose to the throne, only to be assassinated by Iltutmish in 1211.
The Sultanate under Iltutmish established cordial diplomatic contact with the Abbasid Caliphate between 1228–29 and had managed to keep India unaffected by the invasions of Genghis Khan and his successors.[2] Following the death of Iltutmish in 1236 a series of weak rulers remained in power and a number of the noblemen gained autonomy over the provinces of the Sultanate. Power shifted hands from Rukn ud din Firuz to Razia Sultana till Ghiyas ud din Balban rose to the throne and successfully repelled both external and internal threats to the Sultanate.[2][3] The Khalji dynasty came into being when Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji overthrew the last of the Slave dynasty rulers, Muiz ud din Qaiqabad, the grandson of Balban, and assumed the throne at Delhi.[4]
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Architecture
The architectural legacy of the dynasty includes the Qutb Minar, Mehrauli by Qutb-ud-din Aybak, Sultan Ghari near Vasant Kunj, the first Islamic Mausoleum (tomb) built in 1231 AD for Prince Nasir ud din Mahmud, eldest son of Iltumish, and Balban's tomb, also in Mehrauli Archaeological Park.
List of sultans
- Qutb-ud-din Aybak (1206–1210).
- Aram Shah (1210–1211).
- Shams ud din Iltutmish (1211–1236), son-in-law of Qut-bud-din Aybak.
- Rukn ud din Firuz (1236), son of Iltutmish.
- Raziyyat-ud-din Sultana (1236–1240), daughter of Iltutmish.
- Muiz ud din Bahram (1240–1242), son of Iltutmish.
- Ala ud din Masud (1242–1246), son of Ruk-nud-din.
- Nasir ud din Mahmud (1246–1266), son of Iltutmish.
- Ghiyas ud din Balban (1266–1286), ex-slave, son-in-law of Iltutmish.
- Muiz ud din Qaiqabad (1286–1290), grandson of Balban and Nasir-ud-din.
See also
Notes
References
- Anzalone, Christopher (2008). "Delhi Sultanate". in Ackermann, M. E. etc. Encyclopedia of World History. 2. Facts on File. pp. 100–101. ISBN 9780816063864.
- Walsh, J. E. (2006). A Brief History of India. Facts on File. ISBN 0816056587.
- Dynastic Chart The Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 2, p. 368.
Further reading
- Srivastava, A. L. (1967). The History of India, 1000-1707 A.D.,. Shiva Lal Agarwala. http://lccn.loc.gov/sa%2065000828.
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