manor

Conjectural map of a mediaeval manor. The method of "strip farming" was in use under the open field system. The brown areas are part of the demesne, the shaded areas part of the glebe. The manor house, residence of the lord and location of the manorial court, can be seen in the mid-southern part of the manor, near the parish church.

A manor in English law is an estate in land to which is incident the right to hold a court termed court baron, that is to say a manorial court. The proper unit of tenure under the feudal system is the fee, on which the manor became established through the process of time, akin to the modern establishment of a "business" upon a freehold site. The manor is nevertheless often described as the basic feudal unit of tenure and is historically connected with the territorial divisions of the mark, parish and township.

Legal theory

The legal theory of the origin of manors refers them to a grant from the crown of a fee from the monarch's allodial lands, as stated in the following extract from Perkins's Treatise on the laws of England:

"The beginning of a manor was when the king gave a thousand acres of land, or greater or lesses parcel of land, unto one of his subjects and his heirs, which tenure is knight service at the least. And the donee did perhaps build a mansion house upon parcel of the same land, and of 20 acres, parcel of that which remained, or of a greater or lesser parcel, before the statute of Quia emptores did enfeoff a stranger to hold of him and his heirs to plough 10 acres of land, parcel of that which remained in his possession, and did enfeoff another of another parcel thereof to go to war with him against the Scots etc., and so by continuance of time made a manor".

It is still as the jurist Sir Joshua Williams terms it, a "fundamental rule" that all lands were originally derived from the crown and that the monarch is lord paramount mediate or immediate of all the land in the realm. A manor then arises when the holder of a parcel so granted or supposed to have been granted by the crown, and who is termed in relation thereto the Lord of the Manor, has in turn granted portions thereof to others who stand to him in the relation of tenants. Of the portion reserved by the lord for his own use, termed the demesne, part was occupied by villeins, with the duty of cultivating the rest for the lord's use. These were originally tenants at will and in a state of semi-serfdom but they became in course of time the copyhold tenants of the later law. It is of the essence of copyhold that it should be regulated by the custom of the manor, as evidenced in the court roll produced by the manorial court. Manors cannot be created at the present day because manorial courts cannot be established with any legal jurisdiction. Scriven stated:^[1]

"Length of time being of the very essence of a manor, such things as receive their perfection by the continuance of time come not within the compass of the king's prerogative"

Effect of Quia Emptores

The effect of the statute of Quia Emptores (1290) was to make the creation of manors henceforward impossible, inasmuch as it enacted "that upon all sales and feoffments of land the feoffee shall hold the same, not of his immediate feoffor, but of the chief lord of the fee of whom such feoffor himself held it". The statute did not apply to a tenant-in-chief of the king, who might have alienated his land under a license. Accordingly it is assumed that all existing manors are "of a date prior to the statute of Quia Emptores except perhaps some which may have been created by the king's tenants-in-chief with license from the crown".^[2] When a great baron had granted out smaller manors to others, the seignory of the superior baron was frequently termed an honour.

Constituent lands

The manor comprised lands differentiated by legal status and by physical characteristics.

Differentiated by legal status

• Demesne, land retained "in-hand" by the lord, without legal tenant. It was exploited for the lord's own profit using his manorial workforce, being those with no tenancy rights or those whose copyhold tenancies stipulated so many days per month or year to be worked on the demesne.
• Glebe, land reserved for the support of the parish priest.
• Common land, over which certain manorial tenants and other occupants held traditional rights exploitable for their own profit.

Differentiated by physical character

• Arable, ploughed land used to grow corn.
• Waste, economically unproductive land.
• Pasture, grassland used for grazing livestock.
• Meadow, grassland used for haymaking.
• Closes, small enclosed fields created by hedge or stone wall boundaries, used for example to house ewes with their lambs requiring close observation.
• Marsh
• Woodland, an essential fuel resource.
• Furze, a fuel resource used by the lower tenants.
• Fallow, land resting within the cycle of crop rotation agriculture.
• Fishpond, used to breed fish such as carp

Officers

A manor was akin to the modern firm or business or other going concern. It was a productive unit, which required physical capital, in the form of land, buildings, equipment and draught animals such as ploughing oxen and labour in the form of direction, day to day management and a workforce. It was further similar in that its ownership could be transferred, with the necessary "licence to alienate" having been obtained from the overlord, as can the ownership of a modern company. The administration was self-contained and the new lord needed only to collect its net revenues to form his return on investment. The direction was ultimately provided by the manorial court, presided over by the lord's personal steward, whose members included the freehold tenants of the manor. The court itself appointed most of the lower manorial officers, which included the following:

• Bailiff, in charge of supervising the cultivation of the manor.
• Reeve, an overseer.
• Ditch Reeve, responsible for maintaining drainage ditches.

The efficiency, productivity and thus profitability of a manor therefore depended on a mixture of qualities and interaction of location, micro-climate, natural resources, soil type, direction and labour. It was in the interest of all dwellers within the manor, to a greater or lesser degree, that it should be successful.

Jurisdiction

The manorial court had wide legal jurisdiction over the inhabitants of the manor, sometimes with the right to administer capital punishment, if the lord had obtained from the king the right of holding a court leet. Much of the law was specific to a particular manor, as developed by "custom of the manor" and as interpreted by the manorial court. Rights of appeal existed to the hundred court and the county court beyond that over which presided the county's sheriff.

Free manor

A free manor was an autonomous area, outside the jurisdiction, law and administrative control of the surrounding territory.^[3]

Membership

Every person who dwelt in mediaeval England was deemed to exist under the jurisdiction of a manorial court, unless a citizen of a borough or a cleric, or a lord of the manor himself, when he was subject to the primary jurisdiction of the king's court if a tenant-in-chief or of the county court if a mesne lord. It was not permissible for a person to migrate from the manor of his birth except by special arrangement with the authorities. The manor was also the source of a poor man's charitable relief, should he fall into destitution, but such was at the discretion of the manorial court, by custom of each manor. An alien within a manor would not therefore be entitled to any such relief, or indeed protection offered by the power of the lord from crime or violence committed by marauding bands and robbers.

Residents of a manor

• Lord of the manor, often absent, or an absentee, never resident
• Serfs
• Villeins
• Cottars
• Bordars
• Freeholders
• Copyholders

Current legal status

See Lord of the Manor

Overlap with parish

The parish is generally called by the same name as the manor and has clerical jurisdiction over the same geographic territory over which the lord has lay jurisdiction through his manorial court. The parish must have come into existence after the establishment of the manor, following the building of a church by the Lord of the Manor for the use of himself and his tenants, no doubt in consultation with the bishop within whose clerical jurisdiction the manor was situated. The lord then endowed the parish church with some of his landholdings, the revenues from which were used for the support of the priest and the maintenance of the church building. The lord of the manor retained the advowson, that is the right to select and appoint the parish priest, yet the parish was governed by the diocese within which it was situated, which also granted it the tithes to which it was legally entitled, which was a tax of one tenth of the produce of the manor. Outlying parts of a manor over time were exchanged between neighbouring lords, and thus would change from being within the manorial boundaries of the one to the other, but would remain within the original parish's boundaries. Thus over time a manor's lands could grow and shrink and could extend over several different parishes. Where a manor was split into two by the process of subinfeudation, the parish would then cover both manors, unless a new parish were also created.

See also

• Manorialism
• Walter of Henley, 13th.c. writer on agricultural management of a manor.

Sources

• Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th Edition, Volume 15, pp. 496–497, "Manor". Some text from this source now in the public domain is contained in this article.

Bibliography

• Vinogradoff, Sir P., Growth of the Manor, 1951
• Bennett, H.S., Life on the English Manor, Cambridge, 1937
• Jerrold, D., Introduction to the History of England, 1949 (Source for Everyman's Encyclopaedia, 5th Edition, vol. 8, "Manor")

References

1. ^ Scriven, John, (Serjeant at law), A treatise on copyhold, customary freehold, and ancient demesne tenure: with the jurisdiction of Courts baron and Courts leet; also an appendix, containing rules for holding Customary courts, Courts baron and Courts leet, forms of court rolls, deputations, and copyhold assurances, and extracts from the relative acts of Parliament, 2 vols., 2nd. ed., London, 1823, vol.1, chap. 1
2. ^ Williams, Real Property, chap. 4; See also Scriven, Copyholds, chap 1
3. ^ Across the open field: essays drawn from English landscapes, page 101 Laurie Olin, published 2000, ISBN 978-0-8122-3531-9, accessed 2011-10-17