Marlborough

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Coordinates: 51°25′00″N 1°43′00″W / 51.4167°N 1.7167°W / 51.4167; -1.7167

Marlborough
Marlborough  Marlborough shown within Wiltshire
Population	8,009 (2001 census)
Unitary authority	Wiltshire
Ceremonial county	Wiltshire
Region	South West
Country	England
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Police	Wiltshire
Fire	Wiltshire
Ambulance	Great Western
EU Parliament	South West England
UK Parliament	Devizes
List of places: UK • England • Wiltshire

Marlborough (pronounced /ˈmɔːlbrə/ ( listen) MAWL-brə) is a market town in the English county of Wiltshire on the Old Bath Road, the old main road from London to Bath. It is well known for having the widest high-street in Britain.

History

Marlborough on a Wednesday Market morning

The first sign of human habitation is the pre-historic mound (tumulus), in the grounds of Marlborough College. It is possibly of similar age to the larger Silbury Hill five miles to the west. Legend has it that the Mound is the burial site of Merlin^[1] and that the name of the town, Marlborough comes from Merlin's Barrow. The town's motto is Ubi nunc sapientis ossa Merlini - Where now are the bones of wise Merlin^[2].

Further evidence of human occupation comes from the discovery of the Marlborough Bucket an Iron Age burial bucket, with decorations of human heads and animals on sheet bronze.

Roman remains and coins have been found two miles to the East of Marlborough, at Mildenhall (Cunetio).

A later Saxon settlement grew up around The Green and two early river crossings were made at Isbury Lane and Stonebridge Lane.

The first written record of Marlborough dates from 1087 when the Domesday Book was finished. The borough received its charter to hold a market in 1204.^[3]

• In 1067, William the Conqueror assumed control of the Marlborough area and set about building a wooden motte and bailey castle, sited on the pre-historic mound. This was completed in around 1100 and stone was used to strengthen the castle, in around 1175.

• William also established a mint in Marlborough, which coined the William I and the early William II silver pennies. The coins display the name of the town as Maerlebi or Maerleber.

• William I established the neighbouring Savernake Forest as a favourite Royal hunting ground ^[4] and Marlborough Castle became a Royal residence. Henry I observed Easter here, in 1110. Richard I (Coeur de Lion) gave the castle to his brother John, in 1186. Henry II stayed at Marlborough Castle, in talks with the King of Scotland. King John was married here and spent time in Marlborough. He even established a Treasury. Later, Henry III was also married here.^[5]

• Henry III held Parliament here, in 1267, when the Statute of Marlborough was passed (this gave rights and privileges to small land owners and limited the right of the King to take possession of land). This seven-hundred-year-old law states that no one shall seize his neighbour's goods for alleged wrong, without permission of the Court. It is the oldest piece of English law which has not yet been repealed.

• The castle fell into disrepair by the end of the 14th century but remained Crown property. Edward VI then passed it to the Seymour family, his mother's relatives.

• The 1204 Charter granted the Borough an annual eight-day fair, commencing on 14 August, the vigil of the Feast of the Assumption of Our Lady (15 August), in which "all might enjoy the liberties and quittances customary in the fair at Winchester". He also established that weekly markets may be held on Wednesdays and Saturdays. These continue to this day.^[6]

• In 1498 Thomas Wolsey was ordained priest in (the now redundant) St Peter's church. He later rose to become a cardinal and Lord Chancellor.

• In 1642, Marlborough's peace was shattered by the English Civil War. The Seymours held the Castle for the King but the Town was for Parliament. With his headquarters in nearby Oxford, King Charles had to deal with Marlborough. "A Town the most notoriously disaffected of all that Country, otherwise, saving the obstinacy and malice of the inhabitants, in the situation of it very unfit for a garrison... this place the King saw would prove quickly an ill neighbour to him, not only as it was in the heart of a rich County, and so would straighten him, and even infest his quarters." The King sent Lord Digby to take the town of Marlborough. He left Oxford at the head of four hundred horses, on the 24th November. When he arrived, he chose to parley first, thus giving the inhabitants a chance to prepare defences and to recruit troops. They mustered about seven hundred poorly-armed men. At this point, the Town issued a reply to Digby. "The King's Majesty" he declared, "providing he were attended in Royal and not in war like wise, should be as welcome to that Town as ever was Prince to People; but as to delivering up the good Town of Marlborough to such a traitor as Lord Digby ... they would sooner die". After some early skirmishes, Royalist troops infiltrated the Town down its small alleyways. The Town was captured and looted and many buildings were set ablaze. One hundred and twenty prisoners were marched in chains to Oxford. The Town was later abandoned by the King and took no further part in the war.

• On 28 April 1653, the Great Fire of Marlborough burnt two hundred and fifty houses to the ground.^{[citation needed]} Fire swept through the Town again in 1679 and again in 1690. This time, an Act of Parliament was passed "to prohibit the covering of houses and other buildings with thatch in the Town of Marlborough".^[7]

• In 1689, William III created Sir John Churchill, the distinguished Army general, Earl of Marlborough. In 1702, William's successor, Queen Anne created Churchill Duke of Marlborough.

In 2004, Marlborough celebrated 800 years of its Town Charter, among the celebrations was a street play by the Marlborough Players entitled "Wheels of Time" and a visit from HRH Prince Charles. During the rebuilding of the town after the Great Fire of Marlborough in 1653 which destroyed almost the entire town, the high street became what is claimed to be the widest in England. This allows ample space for a local market which is held twice a week, on Wednesdays and Saturdays. Every summer the town holds a jazz festival with local pubs, clubs, hotels and various other venues playing host to live jazz music over the course of a weekend. Every October the high street is closed for the two Saturdays either side of 11 October for the Marlborough Mop Fair. This was originally a hiring fair for agricultural workers seeking employment but now has become a funfair. The right of the town to close the road to hold the fair is set down in the Charter.

On the north side of the high street is the Merchant's House, which is currently under restoration but part of which is open to the public on Fridays and Saturdays in summer. The house was built following the Great Fire of 1653. It was the property of a silk merchant and, rarely for a house of this type in a town centre, still retains its original room pattern. Of great interest are the wall paintings recently uncovered, which are undergoing careful conservation. One room painted in a striped pattern, copying silk hangings, is perhaps unique in Great Britain.

Governance

High Street

The local authority is Wiltshire Council, which, at the 2009 elections, is Conservative controlled. Marlborough lies within the Devizes constituency.

Education

Marlborough College

Marlborough College. The boarding school is located on the west side of the town.

The town's comprehensive state secondary school, St John's School and Community College, holds specialist Technology College and Language College status. It is considered an above average school and sixth form college by OFSTED. It was formed when the former Marlborough Grammar School and Secondary modern school were amalgamated.

Religion

Church of England

St Peter's Church

The town is at the heart of the Anglican Marlborough Deanery in the Diocese of Salisbury in the Province of Canterbury. The Rural Dean, has responsibility for the Benefices of Marlborough, Ridgeway, Upper Kennet and Whitton which in total comprise 16 parishes. Of the towns two Anglican Churches, St Peter's is no longer used and has become an Arts Centre and only St Mary's remains in use for worship.

Transport

Although once served by two railway lines (the Great Western Railway and the Midland and South Western Junction Railway) the town no longer has any direct rail access. However, the nearest railheads, by connecting bus are Bedwyn railway station, Pewsey railway station and Swindon railway station.

Notable Residents

• Eglantyne Jebb, founder of Save The Children Fund, taught at St. Peter's Junior School which was then located at the western end of the High Street (now the location of the Town Library). It is said that Jebb was inspired to action by the rural poverty she saw amongst her pupils.

• Nobel Prize winning author William Golding, author of Lord of the Flies, grew up in the town. Golding lived on a house in the Green and was educated at the former Marlborough Grammar School, where his father was a science master.

• David Brudenell-Bruce, Earl of Cardigan, thirty-first hereditary warden of Savernake forest.

• Bob Pelham creator of Pelham Puppets.

• Pete Doherty musician.

Culture and sport

• Marlborough Town Football Club
• Cadley Clay Shooting Grounds
• Marlborough and District Angling Association
• Marlborough and District Naturist Club (a.k.a. MADNAT).
• Marlborough and District Triathlon Club (a.k.a. MAD-Tri).
• NRG Martial Arts Academy
• Pewsey and District Angling Association
• The Marlborough Choral Society performs three concerts per year.
• The Marlborough Concert Orchestra was founded in 2006 and puts on concerts in the town.
• The Marlborough Running Club organises the Marlborough Downs Challenge
• The Marlborough Players stage regular performances in the town.
• The Marlborough and Pewsey Judo Club at Pewsey Swimming and Sports Centre, Wilcot Road, Pewsey
• U3A
• Wiltshire Ramblers: NE Wiltshire Ramblers / Mid-Wiltshire Ramblers

Nearby places

Towns and cities: Devizes, Calne, Tidworth, Hungerford, Newbury, Swindon

Villages: Aldbourne, Avebury, Burbage, Cadley,Froxfield, Fyfield, Great Bedwyn, Little Bedwyn, Lockeridge, Mildenhall, Pewsey, Oare, Milton Lilbourne, Ramsbury, Collingbourne Ducis, Manton, Clatford, Chiseldon, Ogbourne Maizey, Ogbourne St. George, Ogbourne St. Andrew, Draycot Foliat

Places of interest: Avebury, Kennet Long-Barrow, Savernake Forest, Crofton Pumping Station, Silbury Hill, Wilton Windmill, Stonehenge, Stourhead, Alton Barnes (crop circles).

Twin towns

Marlborough is twinned with:

• Gunjur, The Gambia, since 1982

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Marlborough

• Historic Marlborough photos at BBC Wiltshire
• Omnibus: What the Hell Ever Happens in Marlborough? A 45 minute BBC TV documentary about Marlborough made in 1969 at BBC Wiltshire
• Day Out: Avebury and Marlborough - A 30 minute BBC TV programme made in 1982 of a day spent exploring Avebury and Marlborough at BBC Wiltshire

• Wiltshire county website entry - includes a wealth of historical information
• Marlborough Jazz Festival
• Marlborough Guide and History
• The visitors' guide to Marlborough
• "Marlborough" by A. G. Bradley in Macmillan's Magazine, Vol. LII, May to Oct., 1885, pp. 188-198

References

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