Mary Harris Jones

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Mother Jones
Born	August 1, 1837(1837-08-01) Cork, County Cork, Ireland
Died	November 30, 1930 (aged 93) Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
Occupation	Labor and community organizer

Mary Harris "Mother" Jones (August 1, 1837 – November 30, 1930), born in Cork, Ireland, was a prominent American labor and community organizer, and founded the Industrial Workers of the World.

Biography

She was born Mary Harris, the daughter of a Roman Catholic tenant farmer, Richard Harris and his wife Ellen Cotter, on the northside of Cork city, Ireland.^[1] Some recent materials list her birthday as August 1, 1837, although she claimed her birthdate to be May 1, 1830. Her claims to an earlier date may have been an appeal to her grandmotherly image. The date of May 1 was possibly chosen symbolically, to represent the national labor holiday and anniversary of the Haymarket affair.^[2]

Formative years

The family migrated to the United States and settled in the town of Monroe, Michigan. Harris studied and qualified to become a teacher in Toronto in 1857.^[3] She moved to Memphis, Tennessee in 1862 where she married George Jones, a member of the Iron Workers' Union.^[1] Two turning points in her life were the 1867 deaths of her husband and their four children (all under the age of five) during a yellow fever epidemic in Tennessee, and the 1871 Great Chicago Fire. After the death of her family, she moved to Chicago and recreated herself as an independent dressmaker. She lost her hard-earned home, shop and possessions in the Great Fire. This second loss catalyzed an even more fundamental transformation: she turned to the nascent labor movement and joined the Knights of Labor, a predecessor to the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or "Wobblies").^[3] As another source of her transformation into a radical organizer, biographer Elliott Gorn draws out her early Roman Catholic connection – including bringing to light her relationship to her estranged brother, Father William Richard Harris, Roman Catholic teacher, writer, pastor, and dean of Toronto's diocese of St. Catherine's, who was "among the best-known clerics in Ontario."^[3] Active as an organizer and educator in strikes throughout the country at the time, she was particularly involved with the United Mine Workers (UMW) and the Socialist Party of America. As a union organizer, she gained prominence for organizing the wives and children of striking workers in demonstrations on their behalf. She became known as "the most dangerous woman in America," a phrase coined by a West Virginia District Attorney Reese Blizzard in 1902, at her trial for ignoring an injunction banning meetings by striking miners. "There sits the most dangerous woman in America", announced Blizzard. "She crooks her finger—twenty thousand contented men lay down."

Children's Crusade

In 1903 Jones organized children, who were working in mills and mines at the time, to participate in the "Children's Crusade", a march from Kensington, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Oyster Bay, New York, the home of President Theodore Roosevelt, with banners demanding "We want to go to School and not the mines!" Though the President refused to meet with the marchers, the incident brought the issue of child labor to the forefront of the public agenda. Mother Jones's Children's Crusade was described in detail in the 2003 non-fiction book, Kids on Strike!.

In 1913, during the Paint Creek-Cabin Creek strike in West Virginia, Mother Jones was charged and kept under house arrest in the nearby town of Pratt and subsequently convicted with other union organizers of conspiring to commit murder, after organizing another children's march. Her arrest raised an uproar and she was soon released from prison, after which, upon motion of Indiana Senator John Worth Kern, the United States Senate ordered an investigation into the conditions in the local coal mines.

A few months later she was in Colorado, helping to organize the coal miners there. Once again she was arrested, served some time in prison, and was escorted from the state in the months leading up to the Ludlow Massacre. After the massacre she was invited to Standard Oil's headquarters at 26 Broadway to meet face-to-face with John D. Rockefeller, Jr., a meeting that prompted Rockefeller to visit the Colorado mines and introduce long-sought reforms.

Later years

By 1924, Mother Jones was in court again, this time facing charges of libel, slander, and sedition. In 1925, Charles A. Albert, publisher of the fledgling Chicago Times, won a $350,000 judgment against the matriarch.

Mother Jones remained a union organizer for the UMW into the 1920s, and continued to speak on union affairs almost until her death. She released her own account of her experiences in the labor movement as The Autobiography of Mother Jones (1925).

In her later years, Jones lived with her friends Walter and Lillie May Burgess, on their farm in what is now Adelphi, Maryland. She celebrated her self-proclaimed 100th birthday there, on May 1, 1930, and was filmed making a statement for a newsreel. She died at the age of 93 or 100 on November 30, 1930.^[4]

Mother Jones is buried in the Union Miners Cemetery in Mount Olive, Illinois, alongside miners who died in the Virden Riot of 1898.^[5] She called these miners, killed in strike-related violence, "her boys."^[6]

Legacy

Amidst the tragic, and sometimes fatal, violence directed at early trade unionists, Mother Jones uttered words still invoked by union supporters more than a century later: "[p]ray for the dead and fight like hell for the living."^{[citation needed]} Already known as as "the miners' angel,"^{[citation needed]} when she was denounced on the floor of the United States Senate as the "grandmother of all agitators," she replied:

I hope to live long enough to be the great-grandmother of all agitators.^{[citation needed]}

During the bitter 1989–90 Pittston Coal Strike in Virginia, West Virginia and Kentucky, the wives and daughters of striking coal miners, inspired by the still-surviving tales of Mother Jones' legendary work among an earlier generation of the region's coal miners, dubbed themselves the "Daughters of Mother Jones." They played a crucial role on the picket lines, and in presenting the miners' case to the press and public.^[7]

Today, many people know the name Mother Jones chiefly because of Mother Jones magazine.^{[citation needed]} For more than three decades, Mother Jones has featured reportage on many of the same social causes dear to Mother Jones herself.^{[citation needed]}

Mary Harris "Mother" Jones Elementary School, in Adelphi, Maryland, is named in her honor.^[8]

Students at Wheeling Jesuit University in West Virginia can apply to reside in Mother Jones House, an off-campus service house. Residents perform at least ten hours of community service each week and participate in community dinners and events.^{[citation needed]}

In music and the arts

In The American Songbag, Carl Sandburg suggests that the "she" in She'll Be Coming 'Round the Mountain was a reference to Mother Jones and her travels to Appalachian mountain coal mining camps promoting the unionization of the miners.^[9]

The Death of Mother Jones, a song whose authorship is unknown, was first recorded by Gene Autry in what may have been his first recording session.^{[citation needed]}

On the album Fellow Workers, by Utah Phillips and Ani DiFranco, Mother Jones is the subject of the song The Most Dangerous Woman.

In November 2007, at the Crystal Theater of South Norwalk, Connecticut,^[10] the original musical Mother Jones and the March of the Mill Children^[11] by Crystal Theatre cofounder and director Cheryl Kemeny, was performed. Based on the life of Mother Jones, the production (first staged in 1997) featured about 40 middle- and high-school students from South Norwalk and the surrounding area.^{[citation needed]}

Mother Jones is also referenced in the song The Most Dangerous Woman in America, by Tom Russell, on his 2009 album Blood and Candle Smoke.^{[citation needed]}

Books

• The Autobiography of Mother Jones. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Col, 1925.
• Mother Jones Speaks: Speeches and Writings of a Working-Class Fighter. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1983, ISBN 0-87348-810-5

External links

Organized Labour portal

• DVD and virtual museum about Mother Jones
• Mother Jones: biography by Sarah K. Horsley
• Industrial Workers of the World
• Free eBook of The Autobiography of Mother Jones
• Free audio book of The Autobiography of Mother Jones at Librivox.org
• Mother Jones at Find-A-Grave
• Mother Jones Monument at GuidepostUSA
• Mother Jones Plaque in Adelphi, MD

Footnotes