(b Düren, 19 April 1868; d Berlin, 24 July 1933). German composer and conductor. He was a pupil of von Königslow and Brambach in Bonn and associate of Strauss in Munich. In 1892 he took an appointment at Bayreuth, where in 1902 he was appointed choirmaster. His first three operas, Ingwelde (1894), Der Pfeifertag (1899) and Moloch (1906), were Wagnerian; he had more success in the horrific Mona Lisa (1915), dating from his period as conductor at the Stuttgart Opera (1908-18). He was then Intendant at the Berlin Opera (1918-25), after which he toured widely as a conductor, also making recordings.

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