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For more information on James Maxwell Anderson, visit Britannica.com.
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Anderson, [James] Maxwell (1888–1959), playwright. Born in Atlantic, Pennsylvania, and educated at the University of North Dakota and at Stanford, he became a playwright only after careers as a schoolteacher and a journalist. His first produced play, The White Desert (1923), a study of the tragic consequences of marital jealousy, was a failure, but success followed when he collaborated with Laurence Stallings on the war drama What Price Glory? (1924). After several other less satisfactory collaborations with Stallings, he again found acclaim with his picture of white‐collar married life, Saturday's Children (1927). Anderson's first attempt to dramatize the Sacco‐Vanzetti case, Gods of the Lightning (1928), written with Harold Hickerson, won little attention; but later in the same season his examination of a mercurial, unstable flapper, Gypsy (1929), won some high praise. He turned to blank‐verse drama for his recounting of the Elizabeth‐Essex story, Elizabeth the Queen (1930), and its success prompted him to write many of his subsequent dramas in similar blank verse, making him the only major 20th‐century American playwright to do so. His subsequent highly lauded plays include Night Over Taos (1932), about the Spanish resistance to American advances in early 19th‐century New Mexico; the political satire Both Your Houses (1933); Mary of Scotland (1933), centering on Mary Stuart; Valley Forge (1934), dealing with Washington's struggles in the Revolutionary War; Winterset (1935), another play based on Sacco and Vanzetti and the first work to win the New York Drama Critics Circle Award; Wingless Victory (1936), a story of a doomed interracial marriage; and the fantasy High Tor (1937). His 1937 verse play about the Mayerling incident, The Masque of Kings, failed, but was followed by The Star Wagon (1937), a fantasy about a couple who return to their youth to reconsider their lives. More verse plays followed: Key Largo (1939), dealing with the Spanish Civil War; Journey to Jerusalem (1940), a story of the young Jesus; and Candle in the Wind (1941), an antiwar play. The Eve of St. Mark (1942) depicted a family farm during the war, Storm Operation (1944) centered on the North African campaign, and Truckline Cafe (1946) told of an ex‐soldier's search for his unfaithful, shamed wife. Joan of Lorraine (1946) succeeded largely on the appeal of Ingrid Bergman in the title role. He used historical personages Anne Boleyn in Anne of the Thousand Days (1948) and Socrates in Barefoot in Athens (1951), and adapted William March's novel about a vicious child, The Bad Seed (1954). Anderson also wrote the book and lyrics for two Kurt Weill musicals: Knickerbocker Holiday (1938), which included “September Song,” and Lost in the Stars (1949). His frustration with producers led him to cofound the Playwrights' Company in 1938, and he often railed against the drama critics, once calling them “a sort of Jukes family of journalism” and adding, “It is an insult to our theatre that there should be so many incompetents and irresponsibles among them.” John Mason Brown recalled him as “a great, shy bear of a man, rich in humility and conscience, haunted by a high vision of tragedy, a better dramatist than poet, needing actors to lift his verse into poetry but bravely trying to bring back the music of language to a tone‐deaf stage.” Biography: The Life of Maxwell Anderson, Alfred S. Shivers, 1983.
| Biography: Maxwell Anderson |
Maxwell Anderson (1888-1959), an American play wright noted for his verse dramas, tried to show men living by their beliefs even in a world where evil tends to dominate.
Maxwell Anderson was born in Atlantic, Pa., on Dec. 15, 1888. Since his father, William, was a Baptist clergyman who changed parsonages frequently, Anderson attended 13 schools in states from Pennsylvania to North Dakota. In 1911 he graduated from the University of North Dakota and married Margaret Haskett. He taught at Stanford University while earning his master's degree and held positions with the Call-Bulletin and the Chronicle in San Francisco. In New York from 1918 on, he contributed to the New Republic, worked on the Evening Globe and the World, and helped found a poetry magazine, The Measure.
The production of White Desert (1923) started Anderson's writing career on the New York stage. Of his eight plays produced prior to 1930, four were written in collaboration and one was an adaptation of a novel. His collaboration with Laurence Stallings on What Price Glory? (1924) was successful. A realistic portrait of men in war, it proved a welcome contrast to earlier romantic treatments of the subject. Saturday's Children (1927), a compassionate though conventional domestic drama, was received favorably. Anderson collaborated on an interesting failure concerned with the Sacco-Vanzetti case, Gods of the Lightning (1928), in which propaganda overcame dramatic skill.
Anderson's reputation soared in the 1930s. Elizabeth the Queen (1930) is a moving story of love confronted by the realities of politics and ambition. Mary of Scotland (1933) has a memorable picture of a woman overcome in a political battle to the death. Both Your Houses (1933), with its political intrigue in Congress, received the Pulitzer Prize. Anderson's wife had died in 1931, and he married Gertrude Maynard in 1933. Two years later he won his first Drama Critics' Circle Award with Winterset, a mature treatment of the Sacco-Vanzetti materials with a daring use of verse; he won this prize again with High Tor (1936), an effective blend of fantasy and reality. The Star Wagon (1937) and Knicker-bocker Holiday (1938) were popular successes. In 1938 he helped organize the Playwrights Company.
With the exception of Journey to Jerusalem (1940), the influence of the war appears in all his plays from Key Largo (1939) through Truckline Café (1946); the most esteemed is The Eve of St. Mark (1942). Columbia University recognized his accomplishments with an honorary doctor's degree in 1946. In the following year his Off Broadway: Essays about the Theatre was published.
After World War II Anderson's reputation faded. Of his last eight plays, Joan of Lorraine (1946) and Anne of a Thousand Days (1948) are notable, but only Lost in the Stars (1949), a musical adaptation of a novel on South Africa, was a critical success.
Following the death of his second wife in 1953, Anderson married Gilda Oakleaf. He continued to enjoy relative seclusion and a rural atmosphere while avoiding personal publicity and Broadway habitats. His thirty-second and last full-length play, The Golden Six (1958), was a failure. Anderson died in Stamford, Conn., on Feb. 28, 1959.
Further Reading
Barrett H. Clark, Maxwell Anderson: The Man and His Plays (1933), and Mabel Driscoll Bailey, Maxwell Anderson: The Playwright as Prophet (1957), discuss the plays. The fullest bibliographical treatment is Martha Cox, Maxwell Anderson Bibliography (1958). Suggested background reading with critical assessments are Arthur Hobson Quinn, A History of the American Drama from the Civil War to the Present Day (1927; rev. ed. 1936); Eleanor Flexner, American Playwrights, 1918-1938, (1938); and Walter Meserve, An Outline History of American Drama (1965).
Additional Sources
Shivers, Alfred S., The life of Maxwell Anderson, New York: Stein and Day, 1983.
| Columbia Encyclopedia: Maxwell Anderson |
His eldest son, Quentin Anderson, 1914-2003, b. Minnewauken, N.Dak., was a literary critic, cultural historian, and Columbia Univ. professor (1939-81). Educated at Columbia (B.A., 1937; Ph. D., 1953) and Harvard (M.A., 1945), he was an expert on 19th-century American literature and wrote such books as The American Henry James (1957), The Imperial Self (1971), and Making Americans (1992).
Bibliography
See biography by A. S. Shivers (1982); bibliography by M. Cox (1958, repr. 1974).
| Works: Works by Maxwell Anderson |
| 1924 | What Price Glory? Anderson's second play, following The White Desert (1923), about marital jealousy, and his first success is this war drama regarded by many as the greatest American play about World War I. It concerns the rivalry between two career American soldiers--Flagg and Quirt--and is based on Stallings's own wartime experiences. At the time, the play's salty language and realism were considered groundbreaking. Anderson had become a playwright after working as a schoolteacher and journalist. Stallings had served after the war as a critic for the New York World and also dealt with his war experiences in the novel Plumes (1924). |
| 1927 | Saturday's Children. As the saying goes, Saturday's child must work hard for a living, the theme of Anderson's comedy displaying the sober realities of married life. |
| 1930 | Elizabeth the Queen. Anderson's first blank-verse drama recounts Queen Elizabeth's relationship with Robert Devereux, earl of Essex, and solidifies Anderson's reputation as a major dramatist. |
| 1932 | Night Over Taos. Anderson's historical drama about Spanish resistance to the American incursion in nineteenth-century New Mexico, the third Group Theatre production, closes in its second week. |
| 1933 | Both Your Houses. The playwright's political satire on self- and special-interest politics wins the Pulitzer Prize. Anderson's other drama during the year is Mary of Scotland, a blank-verse tragedy that critic John Mason Brown praises as "the best historical drama that has been written by an American." |
| 1934 | Valley Forge. Supposedly shamed into an American theme by his critics, Anderson fails to bring alive the struggle of George Washington and the American army during the Revolution, and the play manages only fifty-eight performances. |
| 1935 | Winterset. In the playwright's second attempt, following Gods of the Lightning (1928), to deal with the Sacco-Vanzetti case, Anderson dramatizes a son's investigation of the execution of his anarchist father in this blank-verse tragedy. It wins the first New York Drama Critics Circle Award for best American play. |
| 1936 | The Wingless Victory. The playwright treats interracial marriage in this blank-verse tragedy of an eighteenth-century New England ship captain who returns home with a Malaysian wife. |
| 1937 | High Tor. One of Anderson's best and most successful plays, winning him his second New York Drama Critics Circle Award, is a dramatic fantasy in which a man who resists selling his mountain property along the Hudson to developers spends the night there and is visited by the ghosts of Dutch mariners, including the spirit of the Dutch captain's daughter, with whom he falls in love. Anderson also produces The Star Wagon, which imagines a married couple transported back in time to their youth to reaffirm their love. |
| 1938 | The Playwrights' Company. Founded by Maxwell Anderson, S. N. Behrman, Sidney Howard, Elmer Rice, and Robert E. Sherwood as a production company for their works, the company continued until 1960. |
| 1938 | Knickerbocker Holiday. As Washington Irving writes his history of New York, he is transported back to seventeenth-century New Amsterdam in this musical fantasy that indirectly satirizes the New Deal with music, including the popular "September Song" by Kurt Weill. Also, the playwright's prefaces to his plays and thoughts on the theater and his dramatic method are collected in The Essence of Tragedy, the first detailed theory of tragedy by an American playwright. |
| 1939 | Key Largo. Anderson's verse drama concerns an American Loyalist in the Spanish Civil War who deserts his comrades, returns to America, and is given the opportunity to expiate his crimes by confronting gangsters in a Florida hotel. |
| 1940 | Journey to Jerusalem. This blank-verse drama portrays Jesus Christ as a young man. Critic Joseph Wood Krutch complains that the playwright "has sometimes in the past been annoyingly showy; he has never, it seems to me, been so flat and tame [as here]." |
| 1941 | Candle in the Wind. This is a preachy melodrama about an American actress who remains in occupied Paris to be with the man she loves, an anti-Nazi journalist who is imprisoned. |
| 1942 | The Eve of St. Mark. Anderson's contribution to the war effort, the only success of the twelve war plays on Broadway during the 1942-1943 season, dramatizes in heroic and at times maudlin terms the sacrifice of an American farm boy, who dies at Bataan. |
| 1944 | Storm Operation. Anderson's war drama depicts U.S. soldiers in combat in North Africa. It fails with both the critics and the public. |
| 1947 | Joan of Lorraine. The first of the playwright's three successive historical dramas looks at the character of Joan of Arc in a play-within-a-play, as a theatrical company rehearses a drama about the French saint. Ingrid Bergman stars in the title role and would reprise her performance in the 1948 film version. |
| 1948 | Anne of the Thousand Days. After Joan of Lorraine (1947), the playwright takes up the subject of the relationship between Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. |
| 1949 | Lost in the Stars. Anderson adapts Alan Paton's novel Cry, the Beloved Country (1948) about apartheid in South Africa into a musical, with songs by Kurt Weill. |
| 1951 | Barefoot in Athens. Anderson's last major dramatic work concerns the final months in the life of Socrates. A talky polemic on democracy, the play has a Cold War edge, with the Spartans made to resemble the Communists. It fails with both the critics and the public, and Anderson would follow it with his final three plays--The Bad Seed (1954), The Day the Money Stopped (1958), and The Golden Six (1958)--which he would regard as potboilers written to pay off his debts. |
| 1954 | The Bad Seed. Anderson's last play is a dramatization of the novel of the same name written by William March (1893-1954), a psychological study of an apparently innately evil child. It would be made into a popular motion picture in 1956. |
| Writer: Maxwell Anderson |
| Filmography: Maxwell Anderson |
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| Wikipedia: Maxwell Anderson |
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| Magnum opus | Both Your Houses | ||||||||||||
| Awards | Pulitzer Prize for Drama (1933) | ||||||||||||
James Maxwell Anderson (15 December 1888 – 28 February 1959) was an American playwright, author, poet, journalist and lyricist. He was a founding member of The Playwrights Company.
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Anderson was born in Atlantic, Pennsylvania, the second child of William Lincoln Anderson, a Baptist minister, and Charlotte Perrimela Stephenson. His family initially lived on his maternal grandmother's farm in Atlantic, then moved to Andover, Ohio, where his father became a railroad fireman while studying to become a minister. They moved to Jamestown, North Dakota in 1907, where Anderson attended Jamestown High School, graduating in 1908.
As an undergraduate, he waited tables and worked at the night copy desk of the Grand Forks Herald, and was active in the school's literary and dramatic societies. He obtained a B.A. in English Literature from the University of North Dakota in 1911. He became the principal of a high school in Minnewaukan, North Dakota, also teaching English there, but he was fired from this job in 1913 because he had made pacifist statements to his students. He then entered Stanford University, obtaining an M.A. in English Literature in 1914. He became a high school English teacher in San Francisco: after three years he became chairman of the English department at Whittier College in 1917. He was fired after a year for public statements supporting a student seeking status as a conscientious objector.
Anderson became a reporter for the San Francisco Chronicle and the San Francisco Bulletin, then moved to New York, where he wrote editorials for The New Republic, The New York Globe, and the New York World.
In 1921, he founded Measure, a magazine devoted to verse. He wrote his first play, White Desert, in 1923, which ran only twelve performances, but was well-reviewed by the book reviewer for the New York World, Laurence Stallings, who collaborated with him on his next play What Price Glory?, which was successfully produced in 1924 in New York City. Afterwords he resigned from the World, launching his career as a dramatist.
His plays are in widely varying styles, and Anderson was one of the few modern playwrights to make extensive use of blank verse. Some of these were adapted as movies, and Anderson wrote the screenplays of other authors' plays and novels — Death Takes a Holiday, All Quiet on the Western Front — in addition to books of poetry and essays. The only one of his plays that he himself adapted to the screen was Joan of Lorraine, which became the film Joan of Arc (1948) starring Ingrid Bergman, with a screenplay by Anderson and Andrew Solt. Anderson was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1933 for his political drama Both Your Houses, and twice received the New York Drama Critics Circle Award, for Winterset, and High Tor.
Anderson was, above all, a strong believer in the dignity of man (although humanism might be too strong of a word), and many of his plays focus on the concepts of liberty and justice. He chose to write in solitude, preferring to write longhand in a wire-bound notebook, and refused to attend the opening nights of his plays.
He enjoyed great commercial success with a series of plays set during the reign of the Tudor family, who ruled England, Wales and Ireland from 1485 until 1603. One play in particular - Anne of the Thousand Days — the story of Henry VIII's brutal marriage to Anne Boleyn — was a hit on the stage in 1948, but did not reach movie screens for twenty-one years, perhaps due to censorship (there is much use of the word "bastards" in the play, and frank discussion of sexual relationships). It opened on Broadway starring Rex Harrison and Joyce Redman, and, in 1969 became an Oscar-winning movie with Richard Burton and Geneviève Bujold. (Margaret Furse won for her costume designs, but in a year that the costume drama might have been seen as old-fashioned, that was the only Oscar out of several nominations that the film actually won.) The play is still occasionally performed today. Another of his Tudor plays, Elizabeth the Queen, was adapted as The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex (1939), starring the legendary actress Bette Davis and Hollywood pin-up, Errol Flynn. Still another of his plays involving Elizabeth I, Mary of Scotland (1936), was turned into a film, albeit an unsuccessful one, in 1936, starring Katharine Hepburn as Mary, Queen of Scots, Fredric March as the Earl of Bothwell, and Florence Eldridge as Elizabeth. The play had been a hit on Broadway starring Helen Hayes in the title role.
Honorary awards include the Gold Medal in Drama from the National Institute of Arts and Letters in 1954, an honorary Doctor of Literature degree from Columbia University in 1946, and an honorary Doctor of Humanities degree from the University of North Dakota in 1958.
Two of Anderson's other historical plays, Valley Forge, about George Washington's winter there with the Continental Army), and Barefoot in Athens, concerning the trial of Socrates, were adapted for television. Valley Forge was adapted for television on three occasions — in 1950, 1951 and 1975.
Anderson wrote book and lyrics for two successful musicals with composer Kurt Weill. Knickerbocker Holiday, about the early Dutch settlers of New York, featured Walter Huston as Peter Stuyvesant. The show's standout number, "September Song," became a popular standard. So did the title song of Anderson and Weill's Lost In The Stars, a story of South Africa based on the Alan Paton novel Cry, The Beloved Country.
His popular long-running 1927 comedy-drama about married life, Saturday's Children, in which Humphrey Bogart made an early appearance, was filmed three times - in 1929 as a part-talkie, in 1935 (in almost unrecognizable form) as a B-film Maybe It's Love and once again in 1940 under its original title, starring John Garfield in one of his few romantic comedies, along with Anne Shirley and Claude Rains. The play was also adapted for television in three condensed versions in 1950, 1952 and 1962.
Anderson also adapted the William March novel The Bad Seed into a play, one of his last to reach Broadway. He was hired by Alfred Hitchcock to write the screenplay for Hitchcock's The Wrong Man (1957). Hitchcock also contracted with Anderson to write the screenplay for what became Vertigo (1958), but Hitchcock rejected his screenplay Listen, Darkling.
Anderson married Margaret Haskett, a fellow classmate, on 1 August 1911 in Bottineau, North Dakota. They had three sons, Quentin, Alan, and Terence. Margaret died of cancer on 22 February 1931. Anderson then resided with Gertrude "Mab" Higger starting in about October 1933. A daughter, Hesper, was born 2 August 1934. Gertrude ("Mab") committed suicide on 21 March 1953. Her daughter Hesper (who was screenwriter for the movie Children of a Lesser God), wrote a book South Mountain Road: A Daughter's Journey of Discovery about her unearthing, only after the suicide, the fact that her parents had never married. Maxwell Anderson did marry once more, to Gilda Hazard, on 6 June 1954.
Maxwell Anderson died in Stamford, Connecticut, on 28 February 1959, two days after suffering a stroke.
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