A megaproject (sometimes also called "major program") is an extremely large-scale investment project. Megaprojects are typically defined as costing more than US$1 billion and attracting a lot of public attention because of substantial impacts on communities, environment, and budgets.[1] Megaprojects can also be defined as "initiatives that are physical, very expensive, and public."[2] Care in the project development process may be needed to reduce any possible optimism bias and strategic misrepresentation.[1]
Megaprojects include bridges, tunnels, highways, railways, airports, seaports, power plants, dams, wastewater projects, Special Economic Zones (SEZ), oil and natural gas extraction projects, public buildings, information technology systems, aerospace projects, and weapons systems.
Examples
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Some examples of megaprojects are:
Aerospace projects
- Airbus A380 (2007)
- B-2 Spirit (1997)
- Boeing 747 (1970)
- Eurofighter Typhoon (2003)
- F-22 Raptor (2005)
- Joint Strike Fighter (In progress)
- KH-11 reconnaissance satellite (1976-1990)
Airport projects
- Abu Dhabi International Airport, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Alcochete Airport, Portugal
- Athens International Airport, Athens, Greece
- Indira Gandhi International Airport, New Delhi, India
- Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport, Mumbai, India
- Beijing Capital International Airport, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Berlin-Brandenburg International Airport, Berlin, Germany
- Denver International Airport, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Diosdado Macapagal International Airport, Manila, Philippines
- Dubai International Airport, Dubai, UAE
- Dubai World Central International Airport, Jebel Ali, UAE
- Frankfurt Airport, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Incheon International Airport, Incheon, South Korea
- Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Hong Kong International Airport, Hong Kong, China
- Kansai International Airport, Japan
- Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Malaysia
- London Heathrow Airport, Terminal 5, London, UK
- Long Thanh International Airport, Vietnam
- Madrid Barajas International Airport, Madrid, Spain
- O'Hare International Airport, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Suvarnabhumi Airport, Bangkok, Thailand
- New Doha International Airport, Doha, Qatar
Building projects
- World Trade Center, New York City, New York (1973)
- Berlin Hauptbahnhof (Central Station), Berlin, Germany (2006)
- Burj Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates (Est. 2009)
- Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York, USA (1978)
- Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas, USA (2009)
- Pagcor Tower, Manila, Philippines (Est. 2012)
- Jakarta Tower, Jakarta, Indonesia (Est. 2011)
- Palace of the Parliament, Bucharest, Romania (1989)
- Parliament House, Canberra, Australia (1988)
- Petronas Twin Towers, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (1998)
- Sydney Opera House, Australia (1973)
- Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC (2004)
- The new Wembley Stadium in London, UK (2007)
- CN Tower, Toronto, Canada (1976)
- Sears Tower, Chicago, USA (1973)
- Empire State building, New York City, USA (1931)
Canal projects
- Arabian Canal, United Arab Emirates
- Danube-Black Sea Canal, Romania
- Erie Canal, New York
- Grand Canal, China
- Grand Korean Waterway
- Kiel Canal, Germany
- Panama Canal and Panama Canal expansion project, Panama
- Suez Canal, Egypt
- Welland Canal, Ontario, Canada
- Sanitary and Ship Canal, Chicago, Illinois
- Sethu Canal, India
Dam Projects
- Aswan Dam, Egypt
- Katse Dam, Lesotho
- Alqueva, Portugal
- Hoover Dam, USA
- Itaipu, Brazil
- Sayano–Shushenskaya Dam, Russia (1961-78)
- Three Gorges Dam, China
- Tennessee Valley Authority, USA
- The Kárahnjúkar Hydropower Project, Iceland
- Tehri Dam, India
- Bakun Dam, Sarawak
- Bhakra Dam, India
Defense Projects
- Great Wall of China
- Maginot Line
- Hadrian's Wall, UK
- Strategic Defense Initiative (never fully implemented)
- Manhattan Project and other nuclear weapons programs, including the one that built the Tsar Bomba
- Željava Air Base
International Sports infrastructure projects
IT projects
- Enabling Grids for E-sciencE: Multi-science Grid infrastructure for the European Research Area. Already largest multi-science Grid infrastructure in the world and expected to greatly expand once the LHC is completed.
- National Programme for IT for England's National Health Service
- Navy/Marine Corps Intranet
- IBM 360
- The National Broadband Network, a FTTP network under construction in Australia, proposing to reach 90% of homes.
Oil and Gas projects
Main article: Oil Megaprojects
- Gorgon gas project
- Southstream pipeline
- Athabasca Oil Sands
- Corrib Gas Project
- Hibernia
- Nord Stream
- Sakhalin-I
- Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
- Peregrino
- Jamnagar Refinery World's Largest Greenfield Refinery, India
Port projects
- Punta Colonet in Baja California, Mexico
- Port of Rotterdam
- Yangshan port.
- Port of Sines, Portugal
Rail and rapid transit projects
- Beijing Subway, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Athens Metro, Athens, Greece
- Bay Area Rapid Transit System, San Francisco Bay Area, California, USA
- Extension of Line 1 Lima Metro
- Canada Line in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Crossrail, London, UK
- North West Metro between the CBD and Northwestern suburbs of Sydney, Australia
- Channel tunnel between France and the UK
- Delhi Metro, New Delhi, India
- Dubai Metro in Dubai
- Gautrain in Gauteng, South Africa between Johannesburg and Pretoria
- Gotthard Base Tunnel in Switzerland.
- Great Belt Fixed Link, Denmark
- Mumbai Metro ,India
- High Speed 1, Ebbsfleet International, London, UK
- High-speed railway to Jerusalem, (Israel Railways), Israel
- London Underground
- Namma Metro ,[India]]
- Marmaray in Istanbul, Turkey, an express railway system connecting Europe and Asia under waters of Bosphorus.
- Qingzang railway in Qinghai and Tibet, China
- Seattle Light Rail, Seattle, USA
- Second Avenue Subway, New York City, USA
- Seikan Tunnel in Japan
- Shanghai Metro, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Jakarta Mass Rapid Transportation Project, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Transcontinental railroads
- Washington Metro, Washington, D.C., USA
- Kolkata Metro, India
- Transit City, Toronto, Canada
- Taiwan High Speed Rail, Taiwan, ROC
Road traffic projects
- Bang Na Expressway, Thailand, Bang Na Expressway- World's longest bridge by one reading (most of it isn't a bridge.)
- Sunda Strait Bridge, Indonesia, Southeast-asian longest oversea bridge
- Rio-Antirio Bridge, Greece, Europe's largest cable-stayed bridge
- Rio-Niterói Bridge, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Egnatia Odos, Greece
- A1 (Croatia) between Zagreb and Split, with extension being built to Dubrovnik, Croatia
- A3 motorway (Romania) between Braşov and Oradea
- A4 motorway (Romania) between Iaşi and Târgu Mureş
- Bundesautobahn 20, Germany
- Central Artery/Tunnel Project, more popularly known as the "Big Dig"), Boston, Massachusetts, USA[3]
- National Highways Development Project, India
- Port Tunnel Dublin, Republic of Ireland
- Expressway Network of the People's Republic of China
- Fehmarn Belt bridge and its connections on land, linking Denmark and Germany
- Interstate Highway System, United States of America
- Millau Viaduct, France
- Oresund Bridge and its connections on land, like the City Tunnel, Malmö.
- Roman road system of antiquity
- Vasco da Gama Bridge, Portugal, Europe's largest bridge
- Karakoram Highway, Pakistan, Highest paved international road in the world
Science projects
- International Space Station, multinational space station in low Earth orbit (1998-2016)
- ITER International nuclear fusion project, in France (Est. 2018)
- Large Hadron Collider 14 TeV particle accelerator, in Switzerland and France (2008)
- Superconducting Super Collider, canceled 40 TeV particle accelerator, in Texas (1991-1993)
- Manhattan Project, in the United States (1945)
- Project Apollo (1960-1975)
- Soviet Moonshot, canceled moon landing program (1962-1969)
- Project Constellation, planned moon landing spacecraft and space shuttle replacement (Ongoing)
- Space Shuttle program (1972-2010)
- Buran program, canceled space shuttle program (1980-1993)
- Human Genome Project, investigation to determine human genetic code (Ongoing)
Urban projects
- HafenCity in Hamburg, Germany
- Brasília in Brazil
- Jakarta Waterfront City, in Jakarta, Indonesia
- Satrio International Tourism and Shopping belt, in Jakarta, Indonesia
- Ciudad Universitaria in Mexico City, Mexico
- Dubailand in Dubai
- Esplanada City Center, Bucharest, Romania
- Expo 98/Park of the Nations in Lisbon, Portugal
- Iskandar Development Region in Johor, Malaysia
- Putrajaya, Malaysia
- King Abdullah Economic City, Saudi Arabia
- La Défense in Paris, France
- Liverpool One, Liverpool, England
- Lusail City, Doha, Qatar
- Moscow-City in Moscow, Russia
- New Songdo City in Incheon, South Korea
- Okhta Center in Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Pagcor City in Metro Manila, The Philippines
- Palm Islands, The World (archipelago) and Dubai Waterfront in Dubai
- Potsdamer Platz in Berlin, Germany
- Project CityCenter in Las Vegas, USA
- Dublin Docklands in Dublin, Republic of Ireland
Water infrastructure projects
- Chicago River reversing its course, Chicago
- Deep Tunnel Project, Chicago
- Delta Works, Netherlands
- East Bay Municipal Utility District in Oakland, California, USA[4]
- Great Manmade River, Libya
- G-Cans project, Saitama, Japan
- HaMovil HaArtzi (National Water Carrier), Israel
- MOSE Project, Venice, Italy
- Zuiderzee Works, Netherlands
- New York City Water Tunnel No. 3, New York, New York
- Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Snowy Mountains Scheme in New South Wales/Victoria, Australia
- South-North Water Transfer Project, China
- State Water Project, California
- Thames Tideway Scheme, London, United Kingdom
- Thames Barrier, London, United Kingdom
Climate and environmental change projects
- Proposed sahara forest project
- Seawater Greenhouse
- Great Plains Shelterbelt
- Green Wall of China
- Aerially Delivered Re-forestation and Erosion Control System
The Megaproject Paradox
The megaproject paradox was first identified by Oxford professor Bent Flyvbjerg, in his book with Nils Bruzelius and Werner Rothengatter, Megaprojects and Risk[5].
The paradox consists in the fact that more and bigger megaprojects are being planned and built despite their poor performance record in terms of cost overruns, schedule delays, and benefit shortfalls. For the majority of megaprojects, performance is significantly and consistently below what could be called "best" – or "good" – practice, when measured in these terms. This has been the case for decades and existing data show no immediate end to this state of affairs.
See also
- Cost overrun
- Benefit shortfall
- Major programme management
- Megaprojects and risk
- Megastructure
- Macro-engineering
- Optimism bias
- Reference class forecasting
References
- ^ a b Bent Flyvbjerg, Nils Bruzelius, and Werner Rothengatter, 2003. Megaprojects and Risk: An Anatomy of Ambition ISBN 0521009464 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
- ^ Alan Altshuler and David Luberoff, Mega-Projects: The Changing Politics of Urban Public Investment (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2003). ISBN 0815701292
- ^ Dan McNichol and Andy Ryan, The Big Dig, Silver Lining Press, 1991
- ^ Environmental Impact Statement for the East Bay Municipal Utility District Wet Weather Overflow Project, EMI prepared for the U.S. EPA and East Bay Municipal Utility District, Oakland, Ca. (1985)
- ^ Bent Flyvbjerg with Nils Bruzelius and Werner Rothengatter, Megaprojects and Risk: An Anatomy of Ambition (Cambridge University Press, 2003).
External links
- What is a megaproject?
- Borovoye-Biocity — megaproject of Bionic City for Kazakhstan — S. Rastorguev, M. Kudryashov, 2008
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