Methylmalonic acidemia: Definition from Answers.com

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Methylmalonic acidemia
Classification and external resources
Methylmalonic acid
ICD-10	E 71.1
ICD-9	270.3
OMIM	251000 251100 251110 277380 277400 277410 606169
DiseasesDB	29509 29510
MedlinePlus	001162
eMedicine	neuro/576

Methylmalonic acidemia (MMA), also called methylmalonic aciduria, is an autosomal recessive^[1] metabolic disorder. It is a classical type of organic acidemia.^[2]

Methylmalonic acidemia stems from several genotypes,^[3] all forms of the disorder usually diagnosed in the early neonatal period, presenting progressive encephalopathy, and secondary hyperammonemia. The disorder can result in death if undiagnosed or left untreated.

1 Causes
- 1.1 Genetic
- 1.2 Nutritional
2 Pathogenesis
3 See also
4 References
5 External links

Causes

Genetic

Methylmalonic acidemia has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance.

The inherited forms of methylmalonic acidemia cause defects in the metabolic pathway where methylmalonyl-coenzyme A (CoA) is converted into succinyl-CoA by the enzyme methylmalonyl-CoA mutase.^[4]

Vitamin B12 is also needed for the conversion of methylmalonyl-CoA to Succinyl-CoA. Mutations leading to defects in vitamin B12 metabolism or in its transport frequently result in the development of methylmalonic acidemia.

This disorder has an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, which means the defective gene is located on an autosome, and two copies of the gene - one from each parent - must be inherited to be affected by the disorder. The parents of a child with an autosomal recessive disorder are carriers of one copy of the defective gene, but are usually not affected by the disorder.

Nutritional

A severe nutritional deficiency of vitamin B12 can also result in methylmalonic acidemia.^[5] Methylmalonyl CoA requires vitamin B12 to form succinyl-CoA. When the amount of B12 is insufficient for the conversion of cofactor methylmalonyl-CoA into succinyl-CoA, the buildup of unused methylmalonyl-CoA eventually leads to methylmalonic acidemia. This diagnosis is often used as an indicator of vitamin B12 deficiency in serum.^[6]

Pathogenesis

Methylmalonic acidemia has varying diagnoses, treatment requirements and prognoses, which are determined by the specific genetic mutation causing the inherited form of the disorder.^[3] The following are the known genotypes responsible for methylmalonic acidemia:

OMIM	Name	Gene
251100	cblA type	MMAA
251110	cblB type	MMAB
277400	cblC type	MMACHC
277410	cblD type	MMADHC^[7]
277380	cblF type	LMBRD1^[8]
251000	mut type	MUT

References

^ Radmanesh, A; Zaman, T; Ghanaati, H; Molaei, S; Robertson, Rl; Zamani, Aa (July 2008). "Methylmalonic acidemia: brain imaging findings in 52 children and a review of the literature". Pediatric radiology 38: 1054. doi:10.1007/s00247-008-0940-8. PMID 18636250.
^ Dionisi-Vici C, Deodato F, Raschinger W, Rhead W, Wilcken B (2006). "Classical organic acidurias, propionic aciduria, methylmalonic aciduria, and isovaleric aciduria: long-term outcome and effects of expanded newborn screening using tandem mass spectrometry". J Inherit Metab Dis. 29 (2-3): 383–389. doi:10.1007/s10545-006-0278-z. PMID 16763906.
^ ^a ^b Matsui, Sm; Mahoney, Mj; Rosenberg, Le (April 1983). "The natural history of the inherited methylmalonic acidemias" (Free full text). The New England journal of medicine 308 (15): 857–61. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 6132336. http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+68-19-9.
^ Sakomoto O, Ohura T, Matsubara Y, Takayanagi M, Tsuchiya S (2007). "Mutation and haplotype analyses of the MUT gene in Japanese patients with methylmalonic acidemia". J Hum Genet. 52 (1): 48–55. doi:10.1007/s10038-006-0077-2. PMID 17075691.
^ Higginbottom MC, Sweetman L, Nyhan WL (1978). "A syndrome of methylmalonic aciduria, homocystinuria, megaloblastic anemia and neurological abnormalities in a vitamin B12-deficient breast-fed infant of a strict vegetarian". N Engl J Med. 299 (7): 317–323. PMID 683264.
^ http://www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemistry/problem_sets/b12/04t.html
Vitamin B12 deficiency - The methylmalonic aciduria connection
^ Gene identification for the cblD defect of vitamin B12 metabolism. Coelho D, Suormala T, Stucki M, Lerner-Ellis JP, Rosenblatt DS, Newbold RF, Baumgartner MR, Fowler B. N Engl J Med. 2008 Apr 3;358(14):1454-64. PMID: 18385497
^ Identification of a putative lysosomal cobalamin exporter altered in the cblF defect of vitamin B12 metabolism. Rutsch F, Gailus S, Miousse IR, Suormala T, Sagné C, Toliat MR, Nürnberg G, Wittkampf T, Buers I, Sharifi A, Stucki M, Becker C, Baumgartner M, Robenek H, Marquardt T, Höhne W, Gasnier B, Rosenblatt DS, Fowler B, Nürnberg P. Nat Genet. 2009 Feb;41(2):234-9. Epub 2009 Jan 11. PMID: 19136951

External links

Organic Acidemia Association

Overview of condition at NLM Genetics Home Reference

Inborn error of amino acid metabolism (E70-72, 270)

K→acetyl-CoA

Lysine/straight chain	Glutaric acidemia type 1 · type 2 · Hyperlysinemia · Pipecolic acidemia · Saccharopinuria

Leucine	Maple syrup urine disease · Isovaleric acidemia · 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency · 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency

Tryptophan	Hypertryptophanemia

G→pyruvate→citrate

Glycine

Sarcosinemia · D-Glyceric acidemia · Glutathione synthetase deficiency
Glycine→Creatine: GAMT deficiency

G→glutamate→
α-ketoglutarate

Histidine	Carnosinemia · Histidinemia · Urocanic aciduria

Proline	Hyperprolinemia · Prolidase deficiency

Glutamate/glutamine	SSADHD

G→propionyl-CoA→
succinyl-CoA

Valine	Maple syrup urine disease · Hypervalinemia · Isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency

Isoleucine	Maple syrup urine disease · Beta-ketothiolase deficiency · 2-Methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency

Methionine	Hypermethioninemia · Homocystinuria · Cystathioninuria

General BC/OA	Propionic acidemia · Methylmalonic acidemia · Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase deficiency

G→fumarate

G→oxaloacetate


Urea cycle/Hyperammonemia (arginine, aspartate)	N-Acetylglutamate synthase deficiency · Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency · Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency/translocase deficiency · Citrullinemia · Argininosuccinic aciduria · Argininemia

Transport/
IE of RTT

Solute carrier family: Cystinuria · Hartnup disease · Lysinuric protein intolerance · Iminoglycinuria
other/general/unknown: Oculocerebrorenal syndrome · Fanconi syndrome · Cystinosis

Other

Trimethylaminuria · 2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria · Fumarase deficiency

see also Amino acid metabolism enzymes, intermediates
see also Urea cycle enzymes, intermediates

v • d • e Metabolic disorders of vitamins, coenzymes, and cofactors

B7 Biotin/MCD	Biotinidase deficiency · Holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency

Other B	B5 (Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration) · B12 (Methylmalonic acidemia)

Other	Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency

see also vitamins, enzymes

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Methylmalonic acidemia

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