Metoac

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Metoac (sometimes inaccurately referred to as the 13 tribes of Long Island) is the collective name for the locations of Native Americans on Long Island in New York at the time of European contact in the 1600s.^[1]

The Native American population was estimated at 10,000 at the time of first contact, and spoke two languages within the Algonquian language group, reflecting their different connections to mainland peoples. Those in the west around what is now New York City spoke the R-dialect identical to the Mattabesic in western Connecticut and the Wappinger (a Lenape-related tribe in New Jersey). Those living in the east spoke a Y-dialect similar to the Pequot, Mohegan, Niantic, and Narragansett of eastern Connecticut.^{[citation needed]}

The Native Americans living here were involved in two wars in the 1600s which helped solidify colonial control—the Pequot War in the east and Kieft's War in the west.^{[citation needed]}

The wars along with disease and migration of Native Americans from Long Island was to reduce the total presence to less than 500 by 1659 and 162 in 1788 at the end of the American Revolutionary War after Samson Occom persuaded most of the remaining to renounce their heritage and join the Brothertown Indians off island.^{[citation needed]}

No Native American group on Long Island is recognized as a tribe by the federal government although the groups around Southampton (the Shinnecocks) and around Mastic (the Unkechaugs) have been recognized as tribes by the State of New York and have state recognized Indian reservations. A group around Montauk (the Montauketts) are seeking both state and federal recognition.

Histories of Long Island had long asserted there were multiple tribes on Long Island. Contemporary historian John A. Strong of Southampton College has demonstrated that documents indicate names commonly used to identify a people, or "tribe", on Long Island were actually phonetic European interpretations of indigenous language terms for a place. For generations the place name were mistakenly understood to describe a people, not a place. The terms are still used extensively in place names on Long Island, often erroneously believed to be in "honor" of a tribe that once lived there, when in reality it often was the name of the place or a place nearby given to it by indigenous people anyway.

The 13 Native American Locations on Long Island

The locations (which in many early histories were described as individual tribes):^[2]

• Canarsee - (also known as Canausie) Located in modern day Brooklyn, New York. Members from Carnarsee were the ones who according to legend sold Manhattan to the Dutch Governor Peter Minuit for "24 dollars' worth of beads and trinkets."^[3].
• Corchaug (Cochaug) - Located around Riverhead, New York and Southold, New York. The Fort Corchaug Archaeological Site is on the National Register of Historic Places.
• Manhasset (also known as Manhansick) - Located on Shelter Island, New York. Its name is applied to Manhasset, New York
• Marsapeague (also known as Massapequa, Marsapequa, Maspeth), - Located on the south shore from the Rockaways into Suffolk County. Massapequa, New York and Maspeth, Queens are derivations of this.
• Matinecock (also known as Matinecoc) - Located on the Long Island North Shore from Flushing, New York to Huntington, New York.
• Mericoke (also known as Merrick, Meroke, Merikoke, Meracock) - Located on the south shore from the Rockaway into Suffolk County. Merrick, New York is a derivations of this.
• Montaukett (also known as Montauk, Meanticut)- Located in East Hampton, New York. Its Sagamore (title) Wyandanch was to have his name on the title transfer of most of Long Island to the European settlers.
• Nissequaq (also known as Nesaquake, Missaquogue)- Located on the North Shore from Fresh Pond to Stony Brook, New York. Nissequogue, New York and the Nissequogue River are derived from this.
• Rockaway (also known as Rechaweygh, Rechquaakie)- Located around Rockaway, New York and portions of Jamaica, New York and Maspeth, New York The Rockaways is a place name derived from this.
• Secatague (also known as Secatoag, Secatogue) - Located at Islip, New York on the south shore
• Setauket (also known as Setalcott) - Located on the North Shore from Stony Brook to Wading River, New York. Setauket, New York derives it name from Setauket.
• Shinnecock Indian Nation - Located in Southampton, New York. They occupy the Shinnecock Reservation, New York.
• Unkechaug (also known as Patchogue, Onechechaug, Patchoag, Unchachaug, Unquaches, Unquachog, Unquachock, Unchechauge) - Located on the south shore from Brookhaven, New York to Southampton, New York. They have state but not federal recognition and New York's smallest Indian reservation at Poospatuck Reservation, New York at Mastic, New York.

References