A military attaché is a military expert who is attached to a diplomatic mission (an attaché). This post is normally filled by a high-ranking military officer.
In general, a military attaché serves on the diplomatic staff of an embassy or consulate. The functions of a military attaché are illustrated by the American military attachés in Japan during the war years. A series of military officers had been assigned to the American diplomatic mission in Tokyo since 1901 when the U.S. and Japan were co-operating closely in response to the Boxer Rebellion in China. The military attaché advised the United States Ambassador to Japan on military matters, acted as a liaison between United States Army and the Imperial General Headquarters, and gathered and disseminated intelligence. The military attaché's office in Tokyo usually had two assistants and a number of "language officers" who were assigned specifically to learn Japanese while attached to Imperial Japanese Army regiments as observers. These "language officers" translated training and technical manuals and reported on conditions in Japanese military units.[1]
The original connotation was that an attaché was an officer (employee) of another service 'attached to,' for example, an Embassy or Consulate. Thus, an attaché who holds a military commission would retain that commission despite being assigned to serve in an Embassy; but from time to time, opportunities sometimes arose for service in the field with military or naval forces of another nation.
During the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), military and naval attachés from many Western military organizations served as military or naval observers with the land and naval forces of Russia and Japan. The United States Army detailed eight officers to serve military attachés with opposing forces in the field; and all served from the start of hostilities in 1904 through the signing of the peace protocols in September 1905.[2] After the war, the reports of British officers attached to the Japanese forces in the field were combined and published in four volumes.[3] During this conflict, some attachés served primarily in Manchuria, and others served primarily in Tokyo. Some, like Italian naval officer Ernesto Burzagli saw service both at sea and in Tokyo.
See also
- Ambassador
- Arms industry
- Air attaché
- Science attaché
- Service in Israel Medal
- Military attachés and observers in the Russo-Japanese War
- Military attachés and war correspondents in the First World War
Notes
- ^ Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King's College London: US Military Intelligence Reports, Japan, Context
- ^ Cullen, Glen T. (1999). "Preparing for battle: Learning Lessons in the US Army during World War I," p. 16. U.S. Army Command and General Staff College.
- ^ _____. (1907). The Russo-Japanese War, Reports from British Officers Attached to the Japanese Forces in the Field, Vol. I; (1908). Vol. II.
References
- Cullen, Glen T. (1999). "Preparing for battle: Learning Lessons in the US Army during World War I." U.S. Army Command and General Staff College (CGSC), Combined Arms Research Library.
- _____, Office of the Chief of Staff, Second (military) Information Division. (1906). Reports of the Mlitary Observers attached to the Armies in Manchuria during the Russo-Japanese War, Vol. I; (1907). Vol. II. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
- Sisemore, James D. (2003). "The Russo-Japanese War, Lessons Not Learned." CGSC.
- _____. (1907). The Russo-Japanese War, Reports from British Officers Attached to the Japanese Forces in the Field, Vol. I; (1908). Vol. II. London: General Staff.
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