Before I begin, please note that bacteria can possess many structures and their structural biology can be just as complex as their eukaryotic counterparts. It's become commonplace for many general biology textbooks, and even more complex textbooks (which is scary), to underscore the structural complexity of bacteria. Now that I've gotten that out of the way, here are two structures common to many bacterial cells.
1. Cell wall - provides structural support to the cell and resists internal turgor pressure; composed of peptidoglycan (murein), which is itself composed of alternating subunits of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetlymuramic acid (NAM). These "chains" of alternating subunits are cross-linked by peptide bridges. Despite what you might think, the cell wall is NOT a very good barrier, as it is more like a meshwork than an impenetrable forcefield. Some bacteria, such as those belonging to the class Mollicutes (e.g., Mycoplasma species) do not possess cell walls.
2. Flagella - these appendages are used for locomotion; composed of flagellin subunits and are powered by a flow of protons (or even sodium, as is the case in some Archaea) across the flagellar motor.
- Microbioman