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| Monoamine oxidase B | ||||||||||||||
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| PDB rendering based on 1gos. | ||||||||||||||
| Available structures | ||||||||||||||
| 1gos, 1oj9, 1oja, 1ojb, 1ojc, 1ojd, 1s2q, 1s2y, 1s3b, 1s3e, 2bk3, 2bk4, 2bk5, 2byb, 2c64, 2c65, 2c66, 2c67, 2c70, 2c72, 2c73, 2c75, 2c76 | ||||||||||||||
| Identifiers | ||||||||||||||
| Symbols | MAOB; MGC26382 | |||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 309860 MGI: 96916 HomoloGene: 20251 | |||||||||||||
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| RNA expression pattern | ||||||||||||||
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| More reference expression data | ||||||||||||||
| Orthologs | ||||||||||||||
| Species | Human | Mouse | ||||||||||||
| Entrez | 4129 | 109731 | ||||||||||||
| Ensembl | ENSG00000069535 | ENSMUSG00000040147 | ||||||||||||
| UniProt | P27338 | Q14CG9 | ||||||||||||
| RefSeq | NM_000898 (mRNA) | NM_172778 (mRNA) | ||||||||||||
| NP_000889 (protein) | NP_766366 (protein) | |||||||||||||
| Location | Chr X: 43.51 - 43.63 Mb |
Chr X: 15.87 - 15.93 Mb |
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| PubMed search | [1] | [2] | ||||||||||||
Monoamine oxidase B, also known as MAOB, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the MAOB gene.
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the flavin monoamine oxidase family. It is an enzyme located in the mitochondrial outer membrane. It catalyzes the oxidative deamination of biogenic and xenobiotic amines and plays an important role in the metabolism of neuroactive and vasoactive amines in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. This protein preferentially degrades benzylamine and phenylethylamine.[1]
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Structure
Edmondson et al. described structural features of the human enzyme: it has a hydrophobic bipartite elongated cavity that (for the "open" conformation) occupies a combined volume close to 700 Å3. hMAO-A has a single cavity that exhibits a rounder shape and is larger in volume than the "substrate cavity" of hMAO-B.[2]
The first cavity of hMAO-B has been termed the entrance cavity (290 Å3), the second substrate cavity or active site cavity (~390 Å3) – between both an isoleucine199 side chain serves as a gate. Depending on the substrate or bound inhibitor, it can exist in either an open or a closed form which has been shown to be important in defining the inhibitor specificity of hMAO B. At the end of the substrate cavity is the FAD coenzyme with sites for favorable amine binding about the flavin involving two nearly parallel tyrosyl (398 and 435) residues that form what has been termed an aromatic cage.[2]
Differences between MAOA and MAOB
The differences between the two enzymes are utilized clinically when treating specific disorders. Generally, Monoamine Oxidase A (MAOA) prefers to metabolize norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT), and Dopamine (DA) (and other less clinically relevant chemicals). Monoamine Oxidase B, on the other hand, prefers to metabolize Dopamine (DA) (and other less clinically relevant chemicals).
So, to minimize side-effects, patients with depression are usually given MAOB inhibitors (like selegeline) instead of MAOA inhibitors. MAOA inhibitors are likely to cause more side effects because in addition to DA, they also metabolize NE and 5-HT. Therefore, MAOA inhibitors are likely to cause more unintended changes in the body than MAOB inhibitors.
Selective inhibitors
Species-dependent divergences may hamper the extrapolation of inhibitor potencies.[3]
Non-covalent, reversible
- Safinamide and isoquinoline-analogs[4]
- Certain umbelliferone ethers[5][6] including geiparvarin[7]
- (E,E)-8-(4-phenylbutadien-1-yl)caffeines,[8] with A2A antagonistic component
- 5H-Indeno[1,2-c]pyridazin-5-ones[3][9]
- Substituted chalcones[10]
- Desmethoxyyangonin,[11] a constituent of kava-kava extract; modest affinity
Covalent, irreversible
- Selegiline (Eldepryl, Zelapar, Emsam)
- Rasagiline (Azilect)
See also
References
- ^ "Entrez Gene: MAOB monoamine oxidase B". http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=4129.
- ^ a b Edmondson DE, Binda C, Mattevi A (2007). "Structural insights into the mechanism of amine oxidation by monoamine oxidases A and B". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 464 (2): 269–76. doi:. PMID 17573034. PMC: 1993809. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003-9861(07)00252-4.
- ^ a b Novaroli L, Daina A, Favre E, et al. (October 2006). "Impact of species-dependent differences on screening, design, and development of MAO B inhibitors". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 49 (21): 6264–72. doi:. PMID 17034132.
- ^ Leonetti F, Capaldi C, Pisani L, Nicolotti O, Muncipinto G, Stefanachi A, Cellamare S, Caccia C, Carotti A (October 2007). "Solid-phase synthesis and insights into structure-activity relationships of safinamide analogues as potent and selective inhibitors of type B monoamine oxidase". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 50 (20): 4909–16. doi:. PMID 17824599.
- ^ Binda C, Wang J, Pisani L, Caccia C, Carotti A, Salvati P, Edmondson DE, Mattevi A (2007). "Structures of human monoamine oxidase B complexes with selective noncovalent inhibitors: safinamide and coumarin analogs". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 50 (23): 5848–52. doi:. PMID 17915852.
- ^ Catto M, Nicolotti O, Leonetti F, Carotti A, Favia AD, Soto-Otero R, Méndez-Alvarez E, Carotti A (2006). "Structural insights into monoamine oxidase inhibitory potency and selectivity of 7-substituted coumarins from ligand- and target-based approaches". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 49 (16): 4912–25. doi:. PMID 16884303.
- ^ Carotti A, Carrieri A, Chimichi S, Boccalini M, Cosimelli B, Gnerre C, Carotti A, Carrupt PA, Testa B (December 2002). "Natural and synthetic geiparvarins are strong and selective MAO-B inhibitors. Synthesis and SAR studies". Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 12 (24): 3551–5. doi:. PMID 12443774.
- ^ Pretorius J, Malan SF, Castagnoli N, Bergh JJ, Petzer JP (September 2008). "Dual inhibition of monoamine oxidase B and antagonism of the adenosine A(2A) receptor by (E,E)-8-(4-phenylbutadien-1-yl)caffeine analogues". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 16 (18): 8676–84. doi:. PMID 18723354.
- ^ Carotti A, Catto M, Leonetti F, Campagna F, Soto-Otero R, Méndez-Alvarez E, Thull U, Testa B, Altomare C (November 2007). "Synthesis and monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity of new pyridazine-, pyrimidine- and 1,2,4-triazine-containing tricyclic derivatives". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 50 (22): 5364–71. doi:. PMID 17910428.
- ^ Chimenti F, Fioravanti R, Bolasco A, et al. (May 2009). "Chalcones: a valid scaffold for monoamine oxidases inhibitors". J. Med. Chem. 52 (9): 2818–24. doi:. PMID 19378991.
- ^ Uebelhack R, Franke L, Schewe HJ (September 1998). "Inhibition of platelet MAO-B by kava pyrone-enriched extract from Piper methysticum Forster (kava-kava)". Pharmacopsychiatry 31 (5): 187–92. doi:. PMID 9832350.
Further reading
- Edmondson DE, Binda C, Mattevi A (2004). "The FAD binding sites of human monoamine oxidases A and B.". Neurotoxicology 25 (1-2): 63–72. doi:. PMID 14697881.
- Kumar MJ, Andersen JK (2004). "Perspectives on MAO-B in aging and neurological disease: where do we go from here?". Mol. Neurobiol. 30 (1): 77–89. doi:. PMID 15247489.
- Ghozlan A, Munnich A (2004). "[MAOB: a modifier gene in phenylketonuria?] [MAOB: a modifier gene in phenylketonuria?]" (in French). Med Sci (Paris) 20 (10): 929–32. PMID 15461973.
- Zhu QS, Grimsby J, Chen K, Shih JC (1992). "Promoter organization and activity of human monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B genes.". J. Neurosci. 12 (11): 4437–46. PMID 1432104.
- Grimsby J, Chen K, Wang LJ, et al. (1991). "Human monoamine oxidase A and B genes exhibit identical exon-intron organization.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 (9): 3637–41. doi:. PMID 2023912.
- Bach AW, Lan NC, Johnson DL, et al. (1988). "cDNA cloning of human liver monoamine oxidase A and B: molecular basis of differences in enzymatic properties.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85 (13): 4934–8. doi:. PMID 3387449.
- Kochersperger LM, Parker EL, Siciliano M, et al. (1987). "Assignment of genes for human monoamine oxidases A and B to the X chromosome.". J. Neurosci. Res. 16 (4): 601–16. doi:. PMID 3540317.
- Wyatt RJ, Murphy DL, Belmaker R, et al. (1973). "Reduced monoamine oxidase activity in platelets: a possible genetic marker for vulnerability to schizophrenia.". Science 179 (76): 916–8. doi:. PMID 4687789.
- Goldin LR, Gershon ES, Lake CR, et al. (1982). "Segregation and linkage studies of plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), erythrocyte catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), and platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO): possible linkage between the ABO locus and a gene controlling DBH activity.". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 34 (2): 250–62. PMID 6951409.
- Denney RM, Fritz RR, Patel NT, Abell CW (1982). "Human liver MAO-A and MAO-B separated by immunoaffinity chromatography with MAO-B-specific monoclonal antibody.". Science 215 (4538): 1400–3. doi:. PMID 7063850.
- Raddatz R, Parini A, Lanier SM (1996). "Imidazoline/guanidinium binding domains on monoamine oxidases. Relationship to subtypes of imidazoline-binding proteins and tissue-specific interaction of imidazoline ligands with monoamine oxidase B.". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (46): 27961–8. doi:. PMID 7499273.
- Woo JC, Silverman RB (1994). "Observation of two different chromophores in the resting state of monoamine oxidase B by fluorescence spectroscopy.". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 202 (3): 1574–8. doi:. PMID 8060341.
- Wu HF, Chen K, Shih JC (1993). "Site-directed mutagenesis of monoamine oxidase A and B: role of cysteines.". Mol. Pharmacol. 43 (6): 888–93. PMID 8316221.
- Chen K, Wu HF, Shih JC (1993). "The deduced amino acid sequences of human platelet and frontal cortex monoamine oxidase B are identical.". J. Neurochem. 61 (1): 187–90. doi:. PMID 8515265.
- Fowler JS, Volkow ND, Wang GJ, et al. (1996). "Inhibition of monoamine oxidase B in the brains of smokers.". Nature 379 (6567): 733–6. doi:. PMID 8602220.
- Lenders JW, Eisenhofer G, Abeling NG, et al. (1996). "Specific genetic deficiencies of the A and B isoenzymes of monoamine oxidase are characterized by distinct neurochemical and clinical phenotypes.". J. Clin. Invest. 97 (4): 1010–9. doi:. PMID 8613523.
- Cesura AM, Gottowik J, Lahm HW, et al. (1996). "Investigation on the structure of the active site of monoamine oxidase-B by affinity labeling with the selective inhibitor lazabemide and by site-directed mutagenesis.". Eur. J. Biochem. 236 (3): 996–1002. doi:. PMID 8665924.
- Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB (1997). "Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery.". Genome Res. 6 (9): 791–806. doi:. PMID 8889548.
- Saura J, Bleuel Z, Ulrich J, et al. (1997). "Molecular neuroanatomy of human monoamine oxidases A and B revealed by quantitative enzyme radioautography and in situ hybridization histochemistry.". Neuroscience 70 (3): 755–74. doi:. PMID 9045087.
- Checkoway H, Franklin GM, Costa-Mallen P, et al. (1998). "A genetic polymorphism of MAO-B modifies the association of cigarette smoking and Parkinson's disease.". Neurology 50 (5): 1458–61. PMID 9596006.
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