Mouloud Mammeri

Mouloud Mammeri
Mouloud Maâmeri
Born	December 28, 1917 Ait Yenni, Algeria
Died	February 1989 (car accident) Aïn Defla, Algeria
Occupation	Writer, Berber Linguist, activist
Language	Algerian Arabic, Kabyle, French
Nationality	Algeria
Ethnicity	Berber
Period	40s to 80s
Literary movement	berberist
Notable work(s)	Tajerrumt n Tamazight Amawal Tamazight-Arab
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Mouloud Mammeri is an Algerian Kabyle writer, anthropologist and linguist. Born on December 28, 1917 in Taourirt Mimoune Ait Yenni in Tizi Ouzou Province, Algeria; died in February 1989 near Aïn Defla in a car accident while returning from a conference in Oujda, Morocco.

Biography

Mouloud Mammeri attended a primary school in his native village. In 1928 he emigrated to Morocco to live in his uncle's house in Rabat. Four years later he returned to Algiers and pursued his studies at Bugeaud College.

He then went to Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris intending to join the École Normale Supérieure. Conscripted in 1939 and discharged in October 1940, Mouloud Mammeri registered at the Faculté des Lettres d’Alger. Re-conscripted in 1942 after the American landing, he participated in the allied campaigns in France, Italy, and Germany.

After the end of the war, he received his degree as a professor of arts and returned to Algeria in September 1947 . He taught in Médéa, and then in Ben Aknoun, and published his first novel, The Forgotten Hill in 1952. He was forced to leave Algiers in 1957 because of the Algerian War. Mouloud came back to Algeria shortly after its independence, in 1962.

From 1965 to 1972 he taught Berber at the university in the department of ethnology. Teaching Berber was prohibited in 1962 by the Algerian government. He voluntarily taught some Berber courses under certain permission until 1973, when certain courses such as ethnology and anthropology were judged as "colonial sciences" and disbanded.

From 1969 to 1980 Mouloud Mammeri directed the Anthropological, Prehistoric and Ethnographic Research center at Algiers (CRAPE). He also headed the first national union of Algerian writers for a time, until he left due to disagreements over views of the role of writers in society.

In 1969 Mouloud Mammeri collected and published texts of the kabyle poet Si Mohand. In 1980, the prohibition of one of his conferences at Tizi Ouzou on kabyle poetry caused riots and what would be called the Berber Spring in Kabylie.

In 1982, he founded the Center of Amazigh Studies and Research (CERAM) and a periodical called Awal (The Word) in Paris, and organized several seminars on amazigh language and literature at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS). Thus he was able to compile a wealth of information on the amazigh language and literature. In 1988 Mouloud Mammeri received an honorary doctorate from Sorbonne.

Mouloud Mammeri died the evening of February 26, 1989 in a car accident, which took place near Ain-Defla on his return from a symposium in Oujda (Morocco). His funeral was spectacular, with more than 200,000 people in attendance. No officials attended the funeral, where the crowd organized in demonstrating against the government.

Quote

"Every thing started with the dominos argument which exasperated Arezki and which Sliman, his young brother, had, once again, explained immediately:

• This war is the salvation of the infortunate. When everything burns, when every thing is destroyed, when the storm, the avalanche and the hurricane have carried away or engulfed everything, the earth will once again be virgin. Everything will be questioned. It will be just like in dominos: a new distribution will be made.
• And you'll be a beggar as before, said Arezki.
• No, my brother we've suffered enough, it's time for the poor to be fortunate.

We were in 1940."

Extracted from The sleep of the Just.

“You make me the cantor of the Berber culture and it is true. This culture is mine, it is also yours. It is one of the components of the Algerian culture, it contributes to enrich it, to diversify it, and for this reason I hold (as you should too) not only to maintain it but develop it.” (Mouloud Mammeri's response to the donors of lessons article published in Algeria in April 1980)

Opinion

« His novels represent, so to say, four moments of Algeria: “The Forgotten Hill” the years around 1942 and the unrest in the native village with the departure for the country of the “others”; “The sleep of the just” the experience of the Algerian in the new country and the return, disappointed, and his; “Opium and the stick” the war of liberation in a village of the kabyle mountain, and finally “the Crossing” the period after 1962 which finishes on the disenchantment.

“The mystique is back in politics”, the dogma and the constraint are “programmed”.» (Jean Déjeux, Dictionnaire of the Maghrebian authors of French language , Paris, Karthala Editions, 1984, p. 158)

Bibliography

Novels

• "La Colline oubliée" », Paris, Plon, 1952, 2nde édition, Paris, Union Générale d’Éditions, S.N.E.D., col. 10/18, 1978 (ISBN 2-264-00907-1); Paris, Folio Gallimard, 1992 (ISBN 2-07-038474-8).
• "Le Sommeil du juste", Paris, Plon, 1952, 2nde édition, Paris, Union Générale d’Éditions, S.N.E.D., col. 10/18, 1978 (ISBN 2-264-00908-X).
• L'opium et le bâton: roman (in French). (1965/1992). Paris: Éditions La Découverte. ISBN 2-7071-2086-3.
• "La Traversée", Paris, Plon, 1982, 2nde édition, Alger, Bouchène, 1992.

Short Stories

• « Ameur des arcades et l’ordre », Paris, 1953, Plon, « La table ronde », N°72.
• « Le Zèbre », Preuves, Paris, N° 76, Juin 1957, PP. 33–67.
• « La Meute », Europe, Paris, N°567-568, Juillet-Août 1976 .
• « L’Hibiscus », Montréal, 1985, Dérives N°49, PP. 67–80.
• « Le Désert Atavique », Paris, 1981, quotidien Le Monde du 16 Août 1981.
• « Ténéré Atavique », Paris, 1983, Revue Autrement N°05.
• « Escales », Alger, 1985, Révolution africaine; Paris, 1992, La Découverte (ISBN 2-7071-2043-X).

Theatre

• « Le Foehn ou la preuve par neuf », Paris, PubliSud, 1982, 2nde édition, Paris, pièce jouée à Alger en 1967 .
• « Le Banquet », précédé d’un dossier, la mort absurde des aztèques, Paris, Librairie académique Perrin, 1973.
• « La Cité du soleil », sortie en trois tableaux, Alger, 1987, Laphomic, M. Mammeri : Entretien avec Tahar Djaout, pp. 62–94.

Translation

• Les Isefra by Mohand ou Mohand (in French). (1969). Paris: F. Maspero. OCLC 186896.
• Poèmes kabyles anciens (in French). (1980). Paris: F. Maspero. ISBN 2-7071-1150-3.
• « L ‘Ahellil du Gourara », Paris, M.S.H., 1984 (ISBN 2-7351-0107-X).
• « Yenna-yas Ccix Muhand », Alger, Laphomic, 1989.
• « Machaho, contes berbères de Kabylie », Paris, Bordas.
• « Tellem chaho, contes berbères de Kabylie », Paris, Bordas, 1980.

Grammar and linguistic

• « Tajerrumt n tmazight (tantala taqbaylit) », Paris, Maspéro, 1976.
• Précis de grammaire berbère (kabyle) (in French). (1987). Paris: Editions AWAL. ISBN 2-906659-00-2.
• « Lexique français-touareg », en collaboration avec J.M. Cortade, Paris, Arts et métiers graphiques, 1967.
• « Amawal Tamazight-Français et Français-Tamazight », Imedyazen, Paris, 1980.
• « Awal », cahiers d’études berbères, sous la direction de M. Mammeri, 1985–1989, Paris, Awal