| Movima | ||
|---|---|---|
| Chosineł di' mowi:maj[1] | ||
| Spoken in | Bolivia | |
| Region | Beni Department | |
| Total speakers | ca. 1400[1] | |
| Ranking | ? | |
| Language family | language isolate
|
|
| Official status | ||
| Official language in | ? | |
| Regulated by | No official regulation | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1 | none | |
| ISO 639-2 | mis | |
| ISO 639-3 | mzp | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
Movima is a language that is spoken by about 1400 (nearly half) of the Movima, a group of Native Americans that resides in Bolivia. It is considered a language isolate, as it has not been proven related to any other language.
Contents |
Phonology
Movima has five vowels:
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Open | a |
/e/ and /o/ more closely resemble [ɛ] and [ɔ], respectively, than the close-mid vowels [e] and [o]. Vowels have a phonemic length distinction, although some prosodic processes can lengthen otherwise short vowels. Movima does not have tone.[2]
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central | lateral | plain | lab. | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||
| Stop | pulmonic | p | t | tʃ | k (ɡ) | kʷ | ||
| implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ||||||
| Fricative | (f) β | s | ɬ | h | ||||
| Approximant | l | j | w | jˀ | ||||
| Trill | r | |||||||
The plosive /p/ is realized as [p] in the syllable onset but as [pʔm] (which contrasts with the simple nasal phoneme /m/) in the coda. Similarly, /t/ and /k/ are realized as [tʔn] and [ʔɤ] (i.e., as a glottal stop with a vocalic release), respectively, in the syllable coda.[3] In vowel-initial words and between adjacent vowels, an epinthetic glottal stop appears.
The phonemes /f/ and /ɡ/ are only present in Spanish loanwords.
Morphology
In Movima, compounding and incorporation are productive derivational processes. Reduplication and affixation, including some processes (such as the irrealis marker (k)a') that resemble infixation, are also common. Typical examples of inflection, such as number, case, tense, mood, and aspect, are not obligatorily marked in Movima.[4] Many derivational processes can be applied to a single Movima word. The same morpheme may appear multiple times in one word this way, for instance, tikoy-na-poj-na "I make X kill Y."
References
- ^ a b Katharina Haude (2006). "A grammar of Movima". Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen. http://webdoc.ubn.ru.nl/mono/h/haude_k/gramofmo.pdf. Retrieved 2008-10-22.
- ^ "WALS - Movima". World Atlas of Language Structures Online. http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_mov. Retrieved 2008-10-24.
- ^ Katharina Haude (2006). "A grammar of Movima". Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen. http://webdoc.ubn.ru.nl/mono/h/haude_k/gramofmo.pdf. Retrieved 2008-10-23.
- ^ Katharina Haude (2006). "A grammar of Movima". Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen. http://webdoc.ubn.ru.nl/mono/h/haude_k/gramofmo.pdf. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
External links
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