Muhaqqaq
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Muhaqqaq
Muhaqqaq is one of the main six types of calligraphic script in Arabic.[1] The Arabic word muḥaqqaq means "consummate" or "clear", and originally was used to denote any accomplished piece of calligraphy.[2]
Often used to copy maṣāḥif (singular muṣḥaf, i.e. loose sheets of Quran texts), this majestic type of script was considered one of the most beautiful, as well as one of the most difficult to execute well.[3] The script saw its greatest use in the Mameluk era (1250–1516/1517).[4] In the Ottoman Empire, it was gradually displaced by Thuluth and Naskh; from the 18th century onward, its use was largely restricted to the Basmala in Hilyas.[5]
It's believed that the style invented in Abbasids era by Ibn Muqla, and laterly developed by Ibn al-Bawwab.
Notes
- ^ John F. A. Sawyer, J. M. Y. Simpson, R. E. Asher (eds.), Concise Encyclopedia of Language and Religion, Elsevier, New York 2001, ISBN 0-08-043167-4, p. 253.
- ^ Mansour, 139–140.
- ^ Mansour, 30.
- ^ Mansour, 278
- ^ Mansour, 187.
References
- Nassar Mansour (author), Mark Allen (ed.): Sacred Script: Muhaqqaq in Islamic Calligraphy, I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, New York 2011, ISBN 978-1-84885-439-0
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Arabic calligraphy/Styles/Muhaqqaq |
- "A leaf from the huge and famous 'Baysunqur Qur'an', Central Asia, c.1400", Columbia University (Quran page in Muhaqqaq)
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