Multivector

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"p-vector" redirects here. For other uses, see K-vector (disambiguation).

In multilinear algebra, a multivector, Clifford number^[1] or clif is an element of the (graded) exterior algebra on a vector space, $Λ * V$ . This algebra consists of linear combinations of simple k-vectors (also known as decomposable k-vectors or k-blades)

$v_1\wedge\cdots\wedge v_k.$

"Multivector" may mean either homogeneous elements (all terms of the sum have the same grade or degree k), which are referred to as k-vectors or p-vectors,^[2] or may allow sums of terms in different degrees, or may refer specifically to elements of mixed degree.

The k-th exterior power,

$\Lambda^k(V),$

is the vector space of formal sums of k-multivectors. The product of a k-multivector and an ℓ-multivector is a $(k + ℓ)$ -multivector. So, the direct sum $\bigoplus_k \Lambda^k(V)$ forms an associative algebra, which is closed with respect to the wedge product. This algebra, commonly denoted by $Λ(V)$ , is called the exterior algebra of V.

In differential geometry, a p-vector is the tensor obtained by taking linear combinations of the wedge product of p tangent vectors, for some integer p ≥ 1. It is the dual concept to a p-form.

For p = 2 and 3, these are often called respectively bivectors and trivectors; they are dual to 2-forms and 3-forms.^[3]^[4]

Contents

1 Examples
- 1.1 Bivectors
2 Geometric algebra
3 Applications
4 See also
5 Notes

Examples

0-vectors are scalars;
1-vectors are vectors;
2-vectors are bivectors;
(n-1)-vectors are pseudovectors;
n-vectors are pseudoscalars.

In the presence of a volume form (such as given an inner product and an orientation), pseudovectors and pseudoscalars can be identified with vectors and scalars, which is routine in vector calculus, but without a volume form this cannot be done without a choice.

In the Algebra of physical space (the geometric algebra of Euclidean 3-space, used as a model of 3+1 spacetime), a sum of a scalar and a vector is called a paravector, and represents a point in spacetime (the vector the space, the scalar the time).

Bivectors

Main article: Bivector

A bivector is therefore an element of the antisymmetric tensor product of a tangent space with itself.

In geometric algebra, also, a bivector is a grade 2 element (a 2-vector) resulting from the wedge product of two vectors, and so it is geometrically an oriented area, in the same way a vector is an oriented line segment. If a and b are two vectors, the bivector a ∧ b has

a norm which is its area, given by

$\Vert \mathbf a \wedge \mathbf b \Vert = \Vert \mathbf{a} \Vert \, \Vert \mathbf{b} \Vert \, \sin(\phi_{a,b})$

a direction: the plane where that area lies on, i.e., the plane determined by a and b, as long as they are linearly independent;
an orientation (out of two), determined by the order in which the originating vectors are multiplied.

Bivectors are connected to pseudovectors, and are used to represent rotations in geometric algebra.

As bivectors are elements of a vector space Λ²V (where V is a finite-dimensional vector space with $\dim V =n$ ), it makes sense to define an inner product on this vector space as follows. First, write any element F ∈ Λ²V in terms of a basis (e_i ∧ e_j)_{1 ≤ i < j ≤ n} of Λ²V as

$F = F^{ab} e_a \wedge e_b \quad (1 \le a < b \le n)$

where the Einstein summation convention is being used.

Now define a map G : Λ²V × Λ²V → R by insisting that

$G(F, H) := \, G_{abcd}F^{ab}H^{cd}$

where $G_{abcd}$ are a set of numbers.

Geometric algebra

Applications

Bivectors play many important roles in physics, for example, in the classification of electromagnetic fields.

Notes

^ John Snygg (2012), A New Approach to Differential Geometry Using Clifford’s Geometric Algebra, Birkhäuser, p.5 §2.12
^ Elie Cartan, The theory of spinors, p. 16, considers only homogeneous vectors, particularly simple ones, referring to them as "multivectors" (collectively) or p-vectors (specifically).
^ William M Pezzaglia Jr. (1992). "Clifford algebra derivation of the characteristic hypersurfaces of Maxwell's equations". In Julian Ławrynowicz. Deformations of mathematical structures II. Springer. p. 131 ff. ISBN 0-7923-2576-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=KfNgBHNUW_cC&pg=PA131. "Hence in 3D we associate the alternate terms of pseudovector for bivector, and pseudoscalar for the trivector"
^ Baylis (1994). Theoretical methods in the physical sciences: an introduction to problem solving using Maple V. Birkhäuser. p. 234, see footnote. ISBN 0-8176-3715-X. http://books.google.com/books?id=pEfMq1sxWVEC&pg=PA234.
^ Marcos A. Rodrigues (2000). "§1.2 Geometric algebra: an outline". Invariants for pattern recognition and classification. World Scientific. p. 3 ff. ISBN 981-02-4278-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=QbFSt0SlDjIC&pg=PA3.
^ R Wareham, J Cameron & J Lasenby (2005). "Applications of conformal geometric algebra in computer vision and graphics". In Hongbo Li, Peter J. Olver, Gerald Sommer. Computer algebra and geometric algebra with applications. Springer. p. 330. ISBN 3-540-26296-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=uxofVAQE3LoC&pg=PA330.
^ Eduardo Bayro-Corrochano (2004). "Clifford geometric algebra: A promising framework for computer vision, robotics and learning". In Alberto Sanfeliu, José Francisco Martínez Trinidad, Jesús Ariel Carrasco Ochoa. Progress in pattern recognition, image analysis and applications. Springer. p. 25. ISBN 3-540-23527-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=gsnXS1xdeekC&pg=PA25.

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