National Academies Press (NAP) was created by
the United States National Academies, to publish the reports issued by
the United States National Academy of Sciences, the
Institute of Medicine, the National Academy of Engineering, and the National Research Council. It publishes nearly 200 books a year on a wide range
of topics in the sciences. The NAP's stated mission is seemingly self-contradictory: to disseminate as widely as possible the
works of the National Academies, and to be financially self-sustaining through sales. This mission has led to great
experimentation in openness regarding online publishing.
The National Academy Press (as it was known in 1993) was the first self-sustaining publisher to make its material available on
the Web, for free, in an open access model. By 1997, 1000 reports were available as sequential page images (starting with i, then
ii, the iii, then iv...), with a minimal navigational envelope. Their experience up to 1998 was already indicating that open
access led to increased sales, at least with page images as the final viewable object.
From 1998 on, the NAP developed the "Openbook" online navigational envelope, producing stable page URLs, and enabling
chapter-, page-, and in-book search navigation to images of the book pages (which were increasingly replaced by HTML chunks), to
enable the user to browse the book. Notably, this page-by-page navigation was produced long before Amazon's Look Inside, or
Google's Book Search.
1998 through the present, the NAP gradually evolved the Openbook to first enable better external findability (making the HTML
page for the first page image of every chapter include the first 10 and last 10 pages of OCRed ASCII text of the chapter, to
produce a robustly indexable first chapter page), as well as exploring the boundaries of knowledge discovery and exploration,
implementing "Related Titles" in 2001, the "Find More Like This Chapter" in 2002, "Chapter Skim" in 2003, "Search Builder" and
"Reference Finder" in 2004, and "Active Skim" and enhanced "Search Builder" in 2005.
In 2003, the NAP published the results of an innovative online experiment to determine the "cannibalization effect" that might obtain, if the
NAP gave all reports away online, in PDF format.
Developed as a Mellon-funded grant, and working with the University of Maryland Business School, the experiment interrupted
buyers just before finalizing an online order, with an opportunity to acquire the work in PDF for a randomly-generated discount:
50%, 10%, 100%, 70% off the list price, and if the answer was "no," the NAP would offer one more step off the price....
The conclusion? That 42% of the customers, when interrupted when buying a print book online, would take the free PDF of the
book. Meaning that 58% of the potential purchasers were willing to pay hard dollars to have a printed book. Significant
implications to publishing strategies are produced by these numbers, especially in the context of NAP's "long tail" experience
when it gave away free access to PDF (about 50% of the list) to low-sales content, which resulted in only 33% loss of sales, over
18 months (while enabling 100 times the dissemination).
Interestingly, through mid-2006, as reported at the AAUP annual meeting, as a publisher the NAP
remained financially self-sustaining -- even while progressively expanding the utility of the online experience, and increasing
its online traffic and dissemination. By mid-2006, the NAP was receiving 1.5 million unique visitors per month, while still
producing 25% of the NAP's overall sales.
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