National costume, (also: national dress, regional costume, folk dress or traditional garment), expresses an identity through costume which usually relates to a geographic area or a period of time in history, but can also indicate social, marital and/or religious status. Such costumes often come in two forms: one for everyday occasions, the other for festivals and formal wear.
In United States usage the term "costume" is used in the sense of "fanciful dress", and so "national dress" is used to avoid this connotation.
Following the outbreak of romantic nationalism, the peasantry of Europe came to serve as models for all that appeared genuine and desirable. Their dress crystallised into so-called "typical" forms, and enthusiasts adopted it as part of their symbolism.
In areas where contemporary Western fashions have become usual, traditional garments are often worn in connection with special events and celebrations, particularly those connected with cultural traditions, heritage, or pride.
In modern times there are instances where traditional garments are required by law, as in Bhutan, where the traditional Tibetan-style clothing of gho and kera for men, kira and toego for women, must be worn by all citizens -- even those not of Tibetan heritage; or in Saudi Arabia, where women are required to wear the abaya in public.
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Examples of national costumes
Africa
West Africa
- Benin - lace Dashiki suit and Aso Oke Hat (male), lace Buba and wrapper set (female)
- Ghana - Kente cloth, Ghanaian smock, and Fila (male), Kente buba and skirt set and Kaftan (female)
- Liberia - Dashiki suit and Kufi (male), Buba and skirt set, Buba and wrapper set, and Kaftan (female)
- Mali - Grand boubou and Kufi (male), Kaftan (female)
- Nigeria - Agbada and Isiagu (male), Buba and wrapper set (female), Fila, Aso Oke Hat
- Senegal - Senegalese kaftan and Kufi (male), Kaftan (female)
North Africa
- Egypt - Galabeya
- Morocco - Djellaba (male), Fez hat, Takchita (female)
- Sudan - Jalabiyyah, Taqiyyah, and Turban (male), Toob, a cotton women's dress (female)
Horn of Africa
- Ethiopia - Ethiopian suit (male), Ethiopian coffee dress (female)
- Somalia - Macawiis (male), Koofiyad (male), Jilbab (female), Dirac (female)
East Africa
- Kenya - Dashiki, Kanzu, and Kofia (male), Kanga and Kitenge (female)
- Tanzania - Kanzu, Dashiki, and Kofia (male), Kanga and Gowni (female)
- Uganda - Kanzu, Dashiki, and Kofia (male), Gomesi (female)
Southern Africa
- South Africa - Madiba shirt, Dashiki, Zulu crown (isicholo)
- Zimbabwe - Safari shirt and Dashiki (male), Buba and skirt set (female)
Americas
- Brazil - Baiana suit, Pilcha
- Canada - Tuque, Anorak, Ceinture fléchée
- Chile - Huaso costume
- Cuba - Guayabera (male), Guayabera dress (female)
- Dominican Republic - Chacabana
- Guayana - Shirt jacket (male), Booboo (female)
- Haiti - Karabela dress (female), Shirt jacket (male)
- Jamaica - Quadrille dress (female), Bush jacket (male)
- Mexico - sombrero, Mariachi suit, Charro suit, Huipil, Rebozo, Sarape
- Panama - Pollera
- Peru - Chullo, Poncho
- Puerto Rico - Guayabera, Pantalons, and Panama hat (male), Trajes (dress) (Female)
- St. Lucia - Kwadril dress (female)
- Trinidad - Shirt-jac (male), Booboo (female) and Carnival costumes
- United States - Various forms of Native American clothing. Traditional dress in Texas and the Southwest includes Cowboy Hats and boots, and bolo ties.
traditional dress for the American South is typically only worn in summer and includes "summmer suits" made of poplin, seersucker or linen, usually tan or white.
Asia
East Asia
South Asia
- Bangladesh - Pajamas and Lungi, Kurta/Panjabi (male) and Sari, Salwar Kameez (female)
- South India - Dhoti and Lungi, Kurta (male) and Salwar Kameez (female), Sari, Turban
- Maldives - Dhivehi libaas (women) Sarong, long sleeved white shirt (men)
- Bhutan - Gho (male) and Kira (female)
- Nepal - Daura and Suruwal, (male) and Sari, Gunyou Cholo (female)
- Pakistan - officialy Shalwar Kameez (male and female), Sari is worn on special occasions.
- Sri Lanka - Dhoti and Lungi, Sarong, Sari
Southeast Asia and Pacific
- Cambodia - Sampot, Apsara, Sabai.
- Hawaii - Hawaiian Shirt, Hawaiian Skirt
- Indonesia - Batik, Kebaya (female), Peci hat (male)
- Malaysia - Baju Melayu (male), Baju Kurung (female), Baju Kebaya (female), Sarong
- Myanmar - Lungi
- New Zealand - Maori Flax Skirts
- Philippines - Barong Tagalog (male) and Baro't saya (female)
- Thailand - Suea Phra Ratchathan (male) and Thai Chakkri, Thai Boromphiman, Thai Siwalai, Thai Dusit, Thai Chakkraphat, Thai Amarin, Thai Chitlada, Thai Ruean Ton (female), Sampot
- Tonga - tupenu and ta'ovala
- Vietnam - Áo dài, Áo tứ thân, Yếm, Áo bà ba, Ao Ngu Than (female) Tay/Thai (female) and (male) And Áo gấm (male) Conical straw hat And Nón quai thao (female)
Europe
- Albania - Albanian Traditional Clothing, Fustanella
- Austria - Tracht, Dirndl
- Bavaria - Dirndl, Lederhosen
- Bohemia - Kroje
- England - Pearly Kings and Queens, Morris dancer costumes
- Faroe Islands - Føroysk klædi
- France - Breton shirt, Beret
- Germany - Tracht, Lederhosen, Dirndl
- Greece - Fustanella, Peplos, Toga
- Iceland - Þjóðbúningurinn
- Ireland - Aran sweater, Grandfather shirt, Flat cap, Irish stepdance costumes
- Italy - Italian folk dance costumes, Tarantella costumes
- Republic of Macedonia - Traditional clothing
- Malta - Għonnella (Faldetta)
- Moravia - Kroje
- Netherlands - Dutch cap, sabot
- Norway - Bunad
- Poland - Polish dress
- Romania - Romanian dress
- Ancient Rome - Toga, Stola
- Russia - Sarafan, Kokoshnik, Kosovorotka, Ushanka, Valenki
- Serbia - Serbian dress, Serb hat
- Scotland - Kilt, tam o'shanter, Aboyne dress
- Slovakia - Kroj (embroidered traditional dress)
- Spain - every autonomous region has it's own spanish national costume.
- Sweden - sverigedräkten
- Ukraine - embroidered blouse/shirt, Ukrainian wreath
- Wales - Welsh hat
Greater Middle East
- Afghanistan - Kurta (male) and Shalwar Kameez (female), Burqa, Turban
- Arab world - Abaya, Fez, Keffiyeh, Taqiyah, Hijab (by Muslims)
- Iran - Chador, Giveh, Galesh
- Israel - Yarmulke, Tallit, Tefillin (religious clothes of Jewish people), Tichel/Sheitel/Snood/Shpitzel, Tzniut
- Turkey - Fez (male), Yashmak (female), Islak (long shirt), and Shalwar (pants)
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