Nativization
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Nativization
The process by which a transplanted language become native to a people or place, either in addition to or in place of any language or languages already in use, as with English in Ireland and both English and French in West Africa. The process is often given a specific name, such as Africanization or Indianization (in the case of English), and takes place at every level of language, local users of that language developing, among other things, distinctive accents, grammatical usages, and items of vocabulary, such developments generally linked with their other or former languages.
The process by which a PIDGIN language becomes a creole, as with TOK PISIN in Papua New Guinea.
The process by which a foreign word becomes ‘native’ to a language, as in the various pronunciations of French garage in English. Compare ENGLISHIZE.
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Nativization
For the process of immigrants adopting native culture, see Cultural assimilation.
Nativization is the process whereby a language gains native speakers.[1] This happens necessarily where a second language used by adult parents becomes the native language of their children. Nativization has been of particular interest to linguists, and to creolists more specifically, where the second language concerned is a pidgin.
Several explanations of creole genesis have relied on prior nativization of a pidgin as a stage in achieving creoleness. This is true for Hall's (1966) notion of the pidgin-creole life cycle as well as Bickerton's language bioprogram theory.[2]
There are few undisputed examples of a creole arising from nativization of a pidgin by children.[3] The Tok Pisin language reported by Sankoff & Laberge (1972) is one example where such a conclusion could be reached by scientific observation.[1] A counterexample is the case where children of Gastarbeiter parents speaking pidgin German acquired German seamlessly without creolization.[4] Broad treatments of creolization phenomena such as Arends et al. (1995) acknowledge now as a matter of standard that the pidgin-nativization scheme is only one of many explanations with possible theoretical validity.[5]
References
- ^ a b Sankoff & Laberge (1972)
- ^ Hall (1966), Bickerton (1984)
- ^ Sankoff & Laberge (1972), Pfaff (1981);
- ^ Pfaff (1981);
- ^ Arends et al. (1995). Cf. the main article on creole languages.
Bibliography
- Arends, Jacques; Muysken, Pieter; Smith, Norval (1995), Pidgins and creoles: An introduction, Amsterdam: Benjamins, ISBN 90-272-5236-X
- Bickerton, Derek (1984), "The language bioprogram hypothesis", The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7 (2): 173–188, doi:10.1017/S0140525X00044149
- Hall, Robert A. (1966), Pidgin and creole languages, Ithaca: Cornell University
- Sankoff, Gillian; Laberge, Suzanne (1972), "On the acquisition of native speakers by a language", Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics, pp. 73–84
- Pfaff, Carol W. (1981), "Incipient Creolization in Gastarbeiterdeutsch: An experimental sociolinguistic study", Studies in Second Language Acquisition 3 (2): 165–178, doi:10.1017/S0272263100004150
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