Nobel prizes in chemistry: Definition from Answers.com

Nobel prizes in chemistry

Year	Name of prizewinner(s)	Nature of work or discovery
1901	Jacobus Henricus Van't Hoff (1852–1911) Dutch	Discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions
1902	Hermann Emil Fischer (1852–1919) German	Work on sugar and purine syntheses
1903	Svante August Arrhenius (1859–1927) Swedish	The electrolytic theory of dissociation
1904	Sir William Ramsay (1852–1916) British	Discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air and the determination of their place in the periodic system
1905	Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf Von Baeyer (1835–1917) German	Advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry through work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds
1906	Henri Moissan (1852–1907) French	Investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for his electric furnace
1907	Eduard Buchner (1860–1917) German	Biochemical researches and the discovery of cell-free fermentation
1908	Lord Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937) New Zealand–British	Investigations into the disintegration of the elements and the chemistry of radioactive substances
1909	Wilhelm Ostwald (1853–1932) Latvian–German	Work on catalysis and investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction
1910	Otto Wallach (1847–1931) German	Pioneering work in the field of alicyclic compounds
1911	Marie Curie (1867–1934) Polish–born French	Discovery of the elements radium and polonium, the isolation of radium, and the study of this element
1912	Victor Grignard (1871–1935) French	Discovery of the Grignard reagent
	Paul Sabatier (1854–1941) French	Method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely divided metals
1913	Alfred Werner (1866–1919) German-born Swiss	Work on the linkage of atoms in molecules, especially in inorganic chemistry
1914	Theodore William Richards (1868–1928) US	Accurate determinations of the atomic weights of many chemical elements
1915	Richard Martin Willstätter (1872–1942) German	Work on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll
1918	Fritz Haber (1868–1934) German	The synthesis of ammonia from its elements
1920	Walther Hermann Nernst (1864–1941) German	Work in thermochemistry
1921	Frederick Soddy (1877–1956) British	Work on the chemistry of radioactive substances and investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes
1922	Francis William Aston (1877–1945) British	Discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes in a large number of nonradioactive elements
1923	Fritz Pregl (1869–1930) Austrian	Invention of the method of microanalysis of organic substances
1925	Richard Adolf Zsigmondy (1865–1929) Austrian–German	Demonstration of the heterogenous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods developed to study them
1926	Theodor Svedberg (1884–1971) Swedish	Work on disperse systems
1927	Heinrich Otto Wieland (1877–1957) German	Investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances
1928	Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus (1876–1959) German	Work on the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins
1929	Sir Arthur Harden (1865–1940) British	Investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes
	Hans Karl August Simon Von Euler-Chelpin (1873–1964) German–Swedish
1930	Hans Fischer (1881–1945) German	Work on the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll, especially the synthesis of haemin
1931	Carl Bosch (1874–1940) German Friedrich Bergius (1884–1949) German	Contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods
1932	Irving Langmuir (1881–1957) US	Discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry
1934	Harold Clayton Urey (1893–1981) US	Discovery of heavy hydrogen (deuterium)
1935	Frédéric Joliot (1900–1958) French Irène Joliot-Curie (1897–1956) French	Synthesis of new radioactive elements
1936	Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye (1884–1966) Dutch	Contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases
1937	Sir Walter Norman Haworth (1883–1950) British	Investigation of carbohydrates and vitamin C
	Paul Karrer (1889–1971) Russian–Swiss	Investigations on carotenoids, flavins, and vitamins A and B₂
1938	Richard Kuhn (1900–1967) Austrian-born German	Work on carotenoids and vitamins (declined the award because of political pressure but later received the diploma and the medal)
1939	Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt (1903–1995) German	Work on sex hormones
1939	Leopold (Lavoslav) Stephen Ruzicka (1887–1976) Croatian–Swiss	Work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes
1943	George De Hevesy (1885–1966) Hungarian-born Swedish	Work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes
1944	Otto Hahn (1879–1968) German	Discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei
1945	Artturi Ilmari Virtanen (1895–1973) Finnish	Research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for a fodder-preservation method
1946	James Batcheller Sumner (1887–1955) US	Discovery that enzymes can be crystallized
	John Howard Northrop (1891–1987) US	Preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form
	Wendell Meredith Stanley US (1904–1971)
1947	Sir Robert Robinson (1886–1975) British	Investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids
1948	Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius (1902–1971) Swedish	Work on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins
1949	William Francis Giauque (1895–1982) US	Contributions to the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly the behaviour of substances at very low temperatures
1950	Otto Paul Hermann Diels (1876–1954) German	Discovery and development of the diene synthesis (the Diels–Alder reaction)
	Kurt Alder (1902–1958) German
1951	Edwin Mattison McMillan (1907–1991) US	Work on the chemistry of the transuranium elements
	Glenn Theodore Seaborg (1912–1999) US
1952	Archer John Porter Martin (1910–2002) British	Invention of the technique of partition chromatography
	Richard Laurence Millington Synge (1914–1994) British
1953	Hermann Staudinger (1881–1965) German	Discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry
1954	Linus Carl Pauling (1901–1978) US	Work on the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances
1955	Vincent Du Vigneaud (1901–1978) US	Work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone
1956	Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood (1897–1967) British	Studies of the mechanism of chemical reactions
	Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov (1896–1986) Soviet
1957	Lord Alexander R. Todd (1907–1997) British	Work on nucleotides and nucleotide coenzymes
1958	Frederick Sanger (1918– ) British	Work on the structure of proteins, especially insulin
1959	Jaroslav Heyrovsky (1890–1967) Czech	Discovery and development of polarography
1960	Willard Frank Libby (1908–1980) US	Discovery and development of the technique of carbon–14 dating
1961	Melvin Calvin (1911– ) US	Work on carbon dioxide assimilation in plants
1962	Max Ferdinand Perutz (1914–2002) Austrian–British	Studies of the structures of globular proteins
	Sir John Cowdery Kendrew (1917–1997) British
1963	Karl Ziegler (1898–1973) German	Discoveries concerning the chemistry and technology of high polymers
	Giulio Natta (1903–1979) Italian
1964	Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910–1994) British	Determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances
1965	Robert Burns Woodward (1917–1979) US	Achievements in the art of organic synthesis
1966	Robert S. Mulliken (1896–1986) US	Work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules using molecular orbital theory
1967	Manfred Eigen (1927– ) German	Studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equlibrium by means of very short pulses of energy
	Ronald George Wreyford Norrish (1897–1978) British
	Lord George Porter (1920–2002) British
1968	Lars Onsager (1903–1976) Norwegian–US	Discovery of the reciprocal relations used in the thermodynamics of irreversible processes
1969	Sir Derek H. R. Barton (1918–1998) British	Development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry
	Odd Hassel (1897–1981) Norwegian
1970	Luis F. Leloir (1906–1987) Argentinian	Discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates
1971	Gerhard Herzberg (1904–1999) German–Canadian	Work on the electronic structure and geometry of molecules and free radicals
1972	Christian B. Anfinsen (1916–1995) US	Work on ribonuclease, especially the connection between the amino acid sequence and the active conformation
	Stanford Moore (1913–1982) US	Contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule
	William H. Stein (1911–1980) US
1973	Ernst Otto Fischer (1918–2007) German	Pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the sandwich compounds
	Sir Geoffrey Wilkinson (1921–1996) British
1974	Paul J. Flory (1910–1985) US	Theoretical and experimental work on the physical chemistry of macromolecules
1975	Sir John Warcup Cornforth (1917– ) Australian–British	Work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalysed reactions
1975	Vladimir Prelog (1906–1998) Bosnian–Swiss	Work on the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions
1976	William N. Lipscomb (1919– ) US	Studies on the structure of boranes, illuminating problems of chemical bonding
1977	Ilya Prigogine (1917–2003) Russian–Belgian	Contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures
1978	Peter D. Mitchell (1920–1992) British	Formulation of the chemiosmotic theory
1979	Herbert C. Brown (1912–2004) British–US	Development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis
	Georg Wittig (1897–1987) German
1980	Paul Berg (1926– ) US	Fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant DNA
	Walter Gilbert (1932– ) US	Contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids
	Frederick Sanger (1918– ) British
1981	Kenichi Fukui (1918–1998) Japanese	Theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions (frontier-orbital theory and the Woodward–Hoffmann rules)
	Roald Hoffmann (1937– ) Polish–US
1982	Sir Aaron Klug (1926– ) Lithuanian–British	Development of crystallographic electron microscopy and the structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid–protein complexes
1983	Henry Taube (1915–2005) Canadian–US	Work on the mechanisms of electron-transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes
1984	Robert Bruce Merrifield (1921–2006) US	Development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix
1985	Herbert A. Hauptman (1917– ) US	Development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures
	Jerome Karle (1918– ) US
1986	Dudley R. Herschbach (1932– ) US	Research on the dynamics of chemical elementary processes
	Yuan T. Lee (1936– ) Taiwanese
	John C. Polanyi (1929– ) Canadian
1987	Donald J. Cram (1919–2001) US	Development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity (crown ethers and cryptands)
	Jean–Marie Lehn (1939– ) French
	Charles J. Pedersen (1904–1989) Norwegian
1988	Johann Deisenhofer (1943– ) German	Determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre
	Robert Huber (1937– ) German
	Hartmut Michel (1948– ) German
1989	Sidney Altman (1939– ) Canadian–US	Discovery of the catalytic properties of RNA
	Thomas R. Cech (1947– ) US
1990	Elias James Corey (1928– ) US	Development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis (retrosynthetic analysis)
1991	Richard R. Ernst (1933– ) Swiss	Development of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
1992	Rudolph A. Marcus (1923– ) Canadian–US	Work on electron–transfer reactions in chemical systems
1993	Kary B. Mullis (1944– ) US	Discovery of the polymerase chain reaction
	Michael Smith (1932–2000) British–Canadian	Work on oligonucleotide-based site-directed mutagenesis and its use for protein studies
1994	George A. Olah (1927– ) Hungarian–US	Work on carbocation chemistry
1995	Paul Crutzen (1933– ) Dutch	Work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly the formation and decomposition of ozone
	Mario J. Molina (1943– ) Mexican–US
	F. Sherwood Rowland (1927– ) US
1996	Robert F. Curl (1933– ) US	Discovery of fullerenes
	Sir Harold W. Kroto (1939– ) British
	Richard Smalley (1943–2005) US
1997	Paul D. Boyer (1918– ) US	Elucidation of the mechanism underlying the synthesis of ATP
	John E. Walker (1941– ) British
	Jens C. Skou (1918– ) Danish	Discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase
1998	Walter Kohn (1923– ) Austrian–US	Development of density-functional theory
	John A. Pople (1925–2004) British	Development of computational methods in quantum chemistry
1999	Ahmed H. Zewail (1946– ) Egyptian	Studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy
2000	Alan J. Heeger (1936– ) US	Discovery and development of conductive polymers
	Alan G. MacDiarmid (1927–2007) New Zealand–US
	Hideki Shirakawa (1936– ) Japanese
2001	William S. Knowles (1917– ) US	Work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions
	Ryoji Noyori (1938– ) Japanese
	K. Barry Sharpless (1941– ) US	Work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions
2002	John B. Fenn (1917– ) US	Development of ionization methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules
	Koichi Tanaka (1959– ) Japanese
	Kurt Wuthrich (1938– ) Swiss	Development of NMR spectroscopy for determining the structure of biological macromolecules in solution
2003	Peter Agre (1949– ) US	Discovery of water channels in cell membranes
	Roderick MacKinnon (1956– ) US	Structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels in cell membranes
2004	Aaron Ciechanover (1947– ) Israeli	Discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation
	Avram Hershko (1937– )
	Hungarian–Israeli Irwin Rose (1926– ) US
2005	Yves Chauvin (1930– ) French	Development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis
	Robert H. Grubbs (1942– ) US
	Richard R. Schrock (1945– ) US
2006	Roger D. Kornberg (1947– ) US	Studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription
2007	Gerhard Erti (1936– ) German	Studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces

	Marie Curie
	Alfred Bernhard Nobel
	Linus Carl Pauling (American chemist)

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