Non-parity memory is memory without parity. Parity memory is
memory with extra bits, sometimes one, sometimes more, that
accompany the word. These extra parity bits are generated to a
known value, typically to make the total number of bits on that
word even or odd. When the word is retrieved, the parity bits are
compared against what they should be. If they are different, then
one or more of the bits in the original word or in the parity bits
must have changed. This is an error condition that can be trapped.
In a multiple parity bit system, the calculation of the bits allows
not only for the detection of a changed bit, but also for the
identification of which bit changed. This is known as ECC parity,
or Error-Correcting-Code. Often, you can detect and correct any one
bit error, and you can detect, but not correct, any two bit error.
Since random bits changes are rare, those that do occur are usually
one bit errors, making ECC parity valuable for high reliability
systems such as servers.