Northern Wars

Northern Wars is a term used for a series of wars fought in northern and northeastern Europe in the 16th and 17th century. An internationally agreed nomenclature for these wars has not yet been devised.^[1] While the Great Northern War is generally considered to be the last of the Northern Wars, there are different scholary oppinions on which war constitutes the First Northern War.^[2]

Depending upon what date is chosen for the starting point, the Northern Wars comprise:

• The Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557) ("First Northern War" according to Arvo Viljanti)^[2]
• The Livonian War (1558-1583, "First Northern War" according to Klaus Zernack)^[2]
• The Northern Seven Years' War (1562-1570, "First Northern War" according to some Polish historians)^[2]
• The Thirteen Years' War (1654-1667, "First Northern War" according to some Russian historians)^[2]
• The Second Northern War (1655-1660, "First Northern War" according to traditional Anglo-Saxon, German, Russian and Scandinavian historiography)^[2]
• The Scanian War (1674-1679)
• The Great Northern War (1700-1721, also "Third Northern War")^[2]

Sources

References

Bibliography

• Frost, Robert I (2000). The Northern Wars. War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721. Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-06429-4.