Oppidum (plural oppida) is a Latin word meaning the main settlement in any administrative area of ancient Rome. The word is derived from the earlier Latin ob-pedum, "enclosed space," possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *pedóm-, "occupied space" or "footprint."
Julius Caesar described the larger Celtic Iron Age settlements he encountered in Gaul as oppida, and the term is now used to describe the large pre-Roman towns that existed all across Western and Central Europe. Many oppida grew from hill forts, although by no means did all of them have significant defensive functions. Oppida surrounded by earthworks are known as enclosed oppida. The main features of the oppida are the architectural construction of the walls and gates, the spacious layout and commanding view of the surrounding area.
The development of oppida was a milestone in the urbanisation of the continent as they were the first large settlements north of the Mediterranean that could genuinely be described as towns. Caesar pointed out that each tribe of Gaul would have several oppida but that they were not all of equal importance, perhaps implying some form of hierarchy.
In conquered lands, the Romans used the infrastructure of the oppida to administer the empire, and many became full Roman towns. This often involved a change of location from the hilltop into the plain.
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Examples
In France
- Alesia
- Bibracte (Mont Beuvray), 135 ha
- Corent,
- Gergovia, 75 ha
- Montlaurès
Oppidum d’Altimurium near Murviel-lès-Montpellier- Oppidum d'Ensérune
- Pech Maho
- Salon-de-Provence
- Toulouse
In the Low Countries
- Oppidum Aduaticorum/Atuatucorum (Namur), Wallonia, Belgium
- Canteleux, Huissignies, Chièvres, Wallonia, Belgium
- Cheslé, Bérisménil, Samrée La Roche-en-Ardenne, Wallonia, Belgium
- Chession, Han-sur-Lesse, Rochefort, Wallonia, Belgium
- Flobecq, Wallonia, Belgium
- Gilly-Ransart, Charleroi, Wallonia, Belgium
- Gougnies, Gerpinnes, Wallonia, Belgium
- Orchimont, Vresse-sur-Semois, Wallonia, Belgium
- Sinsin, Somme-Leuze, Wallonia, Belgium
- Titelberg, Luxembourg
In Germany
- Heidengraben, Germany, 1400 ha
- Kelheim, Germany, 600 ha
- Manching, Germany, 380 ha
- Donnersberg, 240 ha
- Glauberg, Germany
- Alcimoennis, Germany
In Central and Eastern Europe
- Basel-Münsterhügel, Switzerland
- Závist, Czech Republic, 170 ha
- Stradonice, Czech Republic
- Přerovská hůra, Czech Republic
- Bratislava, Slovakia
- Devín, Slovakia
- Mukachevo, Ukraine
In Iberia
- Iruña-Veleia, Spain
- Mesa de Miranda, Spain
- Óbidos, Portugal
In the British Isles
- Traprain Law, Scotland
- Verlamion, England
- Nanstallon, Cornwall
In the mediaeval Kingdom of Hungary, oppidum was the legal Latin term for market towns (mezőváros in Hungarian), which were of lesser status than free royal towns but more important than villages.[1]
References
Further reading
- Collis, John (1984) Oppida, earliest towns north of the Alps. Sheffield
- Garcia, Dominique (2004) La Celtique Méditeranée: habitats et sociétés en Languedoc et en Provence, VIIIe - IIe siècles av. J.-C. chapter 4 La « civilisation des oppida » : dynamique et chronologie. Paris, Editions Errance. ISBN 2-87772-286-4
- Sabatino Moscati (ed.), Otto Hermann Frey (ed.), Venceslas Kruta (ed.), Barry Raftery (ed.), Miklos Szabo (ed.) (1998) The Celts, Rizzoli
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