Ornithischia

Ornithischians Fossil range: Late Triassic–Late Cretaceous, 228–65 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Edmontosaurus pelvis (showing ornithischian structure - left side) Oxford University Museum of Natural History
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Superorder:	Dinosauria
Order:	†Ornithischia Seeley, 1888
Families & Suborders
†Cerapoda †Fabrosauridae †Heterodontosauridae †Lesothosauridae †Pisanosauridae †Thyreophora

Ornithischia (pronounced /ɔrnɪˈθɪskiə/ or-ni-THISS-kee-ə)^[1] or Predentata is an extinct order of beaked, herbivorous dinosaurs. The name ornithischia is derived from the Greek ornitheos (ορνιθειος) meaning 'of a bird' and ischion (ισχιον) meaning 'hip joint'. They are known as the 'bird-hipped' dinosaurs because of their bird-like hip structure, even though birds actually descended from the 'lizard-hipped' dinosaurs (the saurischians). Being herbivores that sometimes lived in herds, they were more numerous than the saurischians. They were prey animals for the theropods and were smaller than the sauropods.

Characteristics

Ornithischian pelvic structure (left side)

The Dinosauria superorder was divided into the two orders Ornithischia and Saurischia by Harry Seeley in 1887. This division, which has generally been accepted, is based on the evolution of the pelvis into a more bird-like structure (although birds did not descend from these dinosaurs), details in the vertebrae and armor and the possession of a 'predentary' bone. The predentary is an extra bone in the front of the lower jaw, which extends the dentary (the main lower jaw bone). The predentary coincides with the premaxilla in the upper jaw. Together they form a beak-like apparatus used to clip off plant material.

The ornithischian pubis bone points downward and toward the tail (backwards), parallel with the ischium, with a forward-pointing process to support the abdomen. This makes a four-pronged pelvic structure. In contrast to this, the saurischian pubis points downward and towards the head (forwards), as in ancestral lizard types. Ornithischians also had smaller holes in front of their eye sockets (antorbital fenestrae) than saurischians, and a wider, more stable pelvis. A bird-like pubis arrangement, parallel to the vertebral column, independently evolved three times in dinosaur evolution, namely in the ornithischians, the therizinosauroids and in bird-like dromaeosaurids.

Ornithischians shifted from bipedal to quadrupedal posture at least three times in their evolutionary history, and have been shown to have been capable of adopting both postures early in their evolutionary history.^[2]

Classification

Taxonomy

Linnaean ranks after Benton (2004),

• Order Ornithischia
  • Genus Eocursor
  • Genus Pisanosaurus
  • Family Fabrosauridae
  • Family Heterodontosauridae
  • Family Lesothosauridae
  • Suborder Thyreophora - (armored dinosaurs)
    • Family Scelidosauridae
    • Infraorder Stegosauria
    • Infraorder Ankylosauria
  • Suborder Cerapoda
    • Infraorder Ornithopoda
      • Family Hypsilophodontidae*
      • Family Hadrosauridae - (duck-billed dinosaurs)
    • Infraorder Pachycephalosauria
    • Infraorder Ceratopsia - (horned dinosaurs)

Phylogeny

The ornithischians are divided in the two clades: the first are the Thyreophora and the second the Cerapoda. The Thyreophora include the Stegosauria (like the armored Stegosaurus) and the Ankylosauria (like Ankylosaurus). The Cerapoda include the Marginocephalia (Ceratopsia like the frilled ceratopsidae and Pachycephalosauria) and the Ornithopoda (among which duck-bills (hadrosaurs) such as Edmontosaurus). The Cerapoda are a relatively recent grouping (Sereno, 1986).

The cladogram below follows a 2009 analysis by Zheng and colleagues.^[3]

References

1. ^ OED
2. ^ http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0007331;jsessionid=CE8F3EE637FFD712F6BF85FF02711889
3. ^ Zheng, X-.T., You, H.-L., Xu, X. and Dong, Z.-M. (2009). "An Early Cretaceous heterodontosaurid dinosaur with filamentous integumentary structures." Nature, 458(19): 333-336.

• Butler, R.J. 2005. The 'fabrosaurid' ornithischian dinosaurs of the Upper Elliot Formation (Lower Jurassic) of South Africa and Lesotho. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 145(2):175-218.
• Sereno, P.C. 1986. Phylogeny of the bird-hipped dinosaurs (order Ornithischia). National Geographic Research 2(2):234-256.

External links

• Ornithischia, from Palæos. (cladogram, characteristics)

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