| Pale Пале |
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|---|---|
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| Coordinates: 43°49′0″N 18°34′10″E / 43.816667°N 18.56944°ECoordinates: 43°49′0″N 18°34′10″E / 43.816667°N 18.56944°E | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Area | |
| - Total | 492 km2 (190 sq mi) |
| Population (2006) | |
| - Total | 30,000 |
| - Municipality | 6,900 |
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) |
| - Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) |
| Area code(s) | 57 |
Pale (Cyrillic: Пале) is a town and a municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina, located southeast of Bosnia's capital Sarajevo. The municipality of Pale is one of the six municipalities of the City of Istočno Sarajevo in is located in the Republika Srpska entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Contents |
History
Middle Ages
The area of Pale always represented an important junction between east and west that is the Sarajevo Valley and the Drina River basin. There are preserved ruins of roads and building from the roman times in the neirby villages of Miosici and Ilijak. From early on this area served as a place of trade.
In the late 14. and early 15. century the area surrounding Pale belonged to the Feudal House of Pavlovic. There were several fortified settlements: Pavlovac on the River Praca, Gradina in the Upper Pale and Hodidjed above the junction of the Miljacka rivers. The Hodidjed settlement served as an administrative center for the surrounding area.
The feudal house of Pavlovic belonged to the upper crust of the Bosnian aristocracy, their holdings extended vrom Vrhbosna (today's Sarajevo) on the West to Dobruna on the east. Pavle Radenovic, the founder of the Pavlovic House, aside from his ancestral holdings around Pale also owned the mines in Olovo, the city of Trebinje, and parts of Konavle and Cavtat. The area under his control enjoyed prosperous trade between the locals and the Merchants from Dubrovnik. The main trading center was the town of Praca, part of the Pale Municipality today. After the death of Pavle in 1415 during a duel, his younger son Radoslav Pavlovic (1420-1421) would take over from his father.
After the death of the Bosnian King Tvrtko in 1391 the Bosnian feudals houses struggled to gain the throne. The sons of Pavle, under the threat from other Bosnian aristocrats, asked for the help of their allies the Ottomans. The Ottomans pursued a strategy of divide and conquer that eventually resulted in complete conquest.[1]
Ottoman Rule
After the fall of Bosnia the feudal holdings of the House of Pavlovic were divided into 11 districts, and renamed the entire area the "Pavli Vilayet. The first Ottoman census in the year 1468/69 the town of Pale is recorded under the name of "Bogazi Yumry" as the seat of one of the 11 districts. The district of "Bogazi Yumry" contained six villages of which two were located on the plane of Pale.
Due to the harsh conditions which the local Christian population found itself, there is very little data about the urban development during the Ottoman rule of this area in the Middle Ages. The area continued to be commercially viable and valuable to the new rules. The town of Praca continued to grow and expand until the great fire and outbreak of Black Death in the 18. century.
The name "Pavli Vilayet" continued to be used for this area until the beginning of the 19. century and the town eventually camed to be known as Pale. One of the earliest recordings of this new name is a map from 1877, where the town itself as well as the entire region are labelled as "Pale".
During the 19. century the Ottoman Empire found itself under the two politically and socially completely different power struggles . The early decates of the 19. century was marked with a series of national/ethnic freedom movements of the many subject people. The Ottoman aristocracy on the other hand was deeply conservative and was resisting any efforts towards reform and development of a centralized state. The aristocracy in Bosnia was among the most dissatisfied in the empire, jelously guarding its right against the powers.
In 1831, Captain Husein Gradascevic, one of the wealtiest and most powerful members of the Bosnian Aristocracy came to lead the rebel aristocrats. After the conquest of Travnik, the seat of the ottoman Vice roy, the Bosnian aristocracy demanded that the Sultan halt his reform efforts and keep the status quo in Bosnia. In addition they wanted the right to vote for and appoint the Vice Roy from among their ranks.[1]
Captain Hussain did not wait for the Sultan to answer their demands and appointed himself the Vice Roy of Bosnia, alienating many of his supporters in the process. The Sultan played the different factions against each other and in 1832 sent an army against the rebels. The decisive battle against the rebels took place in the town of Pale. Captain Husein did not command sufficient numbers of troops andn suffered a defeat. The decisive victory broke the back of the revolt.[1]
Austrian Rule
With the Berlin Congress Bosnia was placed under the administration of Austria Hungary. During this time significant investment and economic changes were made in Pale and the surrounding areas.
The new overlords were favoring the exploitation of the natural resources, primarily mineral and wood products. The town of Pale at this point becomes an important logging and wood products center in the region.
According the to the 1895 census, Pale with the adjacent villages had 483 inhabitants. 440 inhabitants were engaged in agricultural and logging activities while 27 were engaged in clerical work.
Industrial development spurs on supporting activities. New trade shops, hotels and other service activities are brought to the town.
In February 1907 Pale receives the first Elementary School. The school was administered by the school-church board of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Pale. The school admitted students regardless of their faith. Along with eastern orthodox Christians, Catholic and Jewish students also attended the school. These were mostly the children of people who were involved in the town log mill.
According to administrative records of the Austro-Hungarian administration, by 1879 in Pale there were already two modern log mills, and their products were transported to Sarajevo. With the construction of the rail line connecting the Bosnian capital of Sarejevo with its eastern border town Višegrad the town of Pale received its first railway station.
The railway link enabled Pale to continue to grow and prosper with foreign investment enabling the opening of several additional mills in the town.
World War I
In the early months of 1914 after the decisive Serbian victory at the Battle of Cer the allies requested from the Serbs and their Montenegrin allies attack the Austro Hungarians in Bosnia and tie up their forces there.
In October 1914 their armies would penetrate the area towards Sarajevo and gain control of the area of Mt. Romanija. During that operation Montenegrin units entered Pale. Soon afterwards the Montegrin units had to withdraw. Along with them a large part of the local Serbian population.
Those who were unable to flee were at the mercy of the Austrian Schutz corps, irregular Austrian police forces tasked with suppressing revolt within the empire. The town of Pale was pillaged and burned down completely after the Austrian forces captured the town. 54 local residents were hanged in the town itself.
In the town of Goražde a refugee column of villagers from Pale neirby villages such as Praca, Vijara, Budj, Podgrab, Vrhpraca, Gorovici, Hotocine, Glasinac, Podromanija and Socica were intercepted by Austrian regular forces and the irregulars before they could cross the Drina river. 48 adult men out of that group were separated from the rest and shot, while the remaining refugees were deported into detention camps.
Conditions in these detention camps were especially harsch. Among the most infamous was the detention camp in Doboj. From December 1914 to July 1917 more than 45,000 interned people were processed there. While exact numbers of victims will probably never be known, more than 1000 victims were identified, 230 of which were from the Pale municipality.[1]
Post WWI
With the end of the war and the absorption of Bosnia into the newly created Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the town of Pale once again struck out towards growth. The basis for economic recovery and development once again, as before, were based the on the natural resources of the region, in particular forestry.
Newly developed transportation links with Sarajevo spurred growth. In 1928 the town itself becomes the center of the municipality. By 1939 there were more than 14 log mills in Pale which generated more than 90000 cubic meters of wood products. Increased economic development spurred population growth. Between 1921 and 1931 the number of inhabitants increased from 2,382 to 11,103.
In the 1930 one could already find 30 to 40 large buildings. In 1935 a modern water supply system is put into use.
The town flourishes culturally as well. New and old schools were renovated and built. A community center, completed in 1928, dedicated to the victims of WWI featured gymnastic equipment and from time to time cultural and entertainment events were held three from time to time.Amateur theater and folk dance companies were active there as well.
In 1934 the Soccer club "Vihor" is founded, along with it a new soccer stadium is constructed. The cultural and sport society "Soko" was responsible for a large level of participation by Pale's inhabitants in their athletic programs. The members of this club would go on to successfully compete in faraway places such as Zagreb, Ljubljana and Prague.
Soon after the end of the Great War, in the area of Kalovita Brda, a young adult spa was opened. Kids from nearby Sarajevo would spend time at that spa with their classmates recovering from various ailments that affected city dwellers.
In this period the town also received the first medical facility as well as a library.
By the 1940 Pale already have the looks of a small, but very well arranged city. A significant number of intellectuals as well as affluent and influential people from Sarajevo and other places in the country constructed summer homes in Pale. жње.
Unfortunately all of this was interrupted with the fascist attack on Yugoslavia in April 1941. After the conquest of Zagreb and Beograd the fascist forces turned their drive towards the center of the country. On April 15, a German motorized division would occupy Sarajevo and capture the Yugoslav Supreme Military command in the town of Pale itself.
By April 1941 a complete surrender was signed. The short April war brought on a full dismemberment of the country. The town of Pale was incorporated into the Nazi Puppet state of Croatia.
The first of act of the newly installed puppet regime in the town of pale was the demolition of the WWI Victim memorial as well the demolition of the Eastern Orthodox Church. All Serbian enterprises were nationalized and taken over by Nazi sympathizers.
The former home to the cultural center was turned into the HQ of the local regiment of Ustashe, which would soon serve as prison and detention center. Mass deportations, executions of prominent Serbs were daily occurrences. During the summer of 1941 the first massacres occurred, the villages of Njemanici and Bjelogorica were completely destroyed and more than sixty people were murdered.
Faced with this kind of mistreatment the local populace started an armed revolt. The initial skirmishes took place in the early morning hours of August 1, 1941. The occupation forces tried to brutally suppress this revolt and during the month of august more than 75 prominent town folk were arrested and deported to death camps.
In the middle of November 1943 in a retaliatory expedition the Ustashe killed more than 100 inhabitants of the Village Rakovac. After 45 men out of that village reported to the Ustase administration for the issuance of new identification documents they were all arrested and in pair of two chained to each other. They were transported to the Krivodole stream where they were murdered.
After they killed the men they went towards the village of Rakovac to kill the remaining women, children and the elderly. During this event they Ustashe displayed such bestiality that they came into open conflict with German troops at the nearby Alija Hill.
Once the surviving witnesses, Milan Starcevic, residing today in Pale, testified:" After they say that a part of the village inhabitants was missing the Ustashe sent out search parties and came to the Alija Hill. There they were stopped by the Germans. The Germans did not allow them to go into the Santrac house where about 10 or so women and children had fled. There were even shots exchanged among the Ustashe and the Germans."
The next day Milan's brother would go with the local German troops back to crime area and bury the victims of the Ustashe massacre.
During WWII in the municipality of Pale more than 1200 civilians were murdered, while another 350 freedom fighters were killed in the fighting.
Pale after WWII
After WWII, the town and municipality of Pale, thanks to the tireless efforts of the local population, slowly recover and resume their economic development. In 1946 on the foundations of the old log mil a new one is constructed. This new mill would produce more than 25000 cubic meters of wood products. The mill itself employed more than 170 in the mill and an addition 150 in the forest.
In 1952 a military maintenance facility in the suburb of Koran was constructed. The local economy received the first important building block for the metal industry. Between 1952 and 1960 and additional 300-400 employees were hired in that facility.
With the development of the metal industry there are significant migration into the town, the suburb of Koran is built out with new building and apartment complexes constructed.
In 1968 the Military Maintenance complex in Koran enters is merged with the "FAMOS" corporation and is incorporated as "FAMOS-Koran". This merger brings further development and new work opportunities. Famos-Koran would go on to manufacture parts for heavy engines, transmissions and vehicles.
Towards the end of the 1980s there were more than 2000 employees at Famos-Koran. In addition factories were add for the manufacture of engine turbos and manufacture of parts for the Mercedes Benz OM-360 engine that was built under licence.
Civil War in Bosnia
During 1991 and 1992 the International community made unprecedented moves when it come to the demands for succession of the republics within Yugoslavia. Against the constitution of both Yugoslavia and Bosnia and Hercegovina, along with the basic principles of international law the secessionist forces were recognized.
Given that the local, Bosnian serb population did not wish to secede from Yugoslavia, they had no choice but to take up arms once all peaceful and democratic means of protecting their self determination and national interest were exhausted.
The small town of Pale, not far from Sarajevo, was the focal point of that war given that the Bosnian serb politicians fleeing the violence in the capital moved into the sleepy mountain community.
Soon the provisional serb government brought up its political and law institutions. The Government and its departments, the parliament. At the same time Pale were an important cultural center with a row of cultural-informational institutions such as the news agency SRNA, TV Station Canal S, Newspapers "Javnost" and "Ognjista".
Post Dayton
The civil war in Bosnia and Hercegovina ended with the signing of the Dayton Peace accords on December 14, 1995.
With the war at the end the town return to some sort of normalcy. As the Constitution of Republika Srpska sets out that Sarajevo is the capital of Republika Srpska which was recognized as an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina by the Dayton Peace Agreement. The administrative capital has now transferred to Banja Luka.
Population
1971
16.119 total
- Serbs - 11.230 (69,66)
- Muslims - 4.508 (27,96)
- Croats - 142 (0,88)
- Yugoslavs - 80 (0,49)
- Others - 159 (1,01)
1991
In the census of 1991, the Municipality of Pale had 16,310 residents, including:
- 11,269 Serbs (See: Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- 4,356 Muslims by nationality (Bosniaks)
- 394 Yugoslavs
- 126 Croats (See: Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- 165 others
The town of Pale itself had a population of 6,797, including:
- 4,915 Serbs
- 1,438 Muslims by nationality (Bosniaks)
- 271 Yugoslavs
- 88 Croats
- 85 others
The pre-war Bosniak part of the Pale municipality known as Pale-Prača is now in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (the Bosnian Podrinje Canton).
Nowadays
Today there are about 30,000 inhabitants in Pale, many of them Bosnian Serbs that moved from Sarajevo.
Economy
Tourism
The local economy has a significant tourism arm. The neirby mountains of Jahorina, Trebevic and Igman were used during the 1984 Winter Olympics.
The Jahorina Ski Center has 8 lifts and over 20 kilometers of ski trails all over the mountain that offer Olympic-style professional trails and novice trails for children and beginners. The high season on Jahorina is mid-December to late January. Around the new year it is almost impossible to get accommodation without advance reservations.[2]
The Hunting Association "Jahorina Pale" administers the "Pale" hunting grounts. These hunting grounds cover more than 37,039 hectares in the Pale and Stari Grad Municipality. The hunting grounds is one of the best kept and equipped hunting grounds in Repuplic of Srpska.
The hunting grounds feature three hunting lodges; two are within the county limits of Palem, the hunting lodge "Srndac" features 35 beds, while the smaller hunting lodge "Lane" features 20 beds. The hunting grounds offer different kinds of game including: Deer, Bear, Boar and Rabbits.[3]
A significant archeological find is located at the Orlovaca cave. The cave is situated only 10 km away from Pale and 15 km away from Sarajevo, at 949 m above sea level. In 1975 the first explorers entered the cave. Consisting of 2.500 m of explored passages and halls, Orlovaca is the second-longest cave in BH ( after Vjetrenica Cave). During August and September 2002, through the initiative of the Faculty of Philosophy in Pale 500 m of the total length of the passages with the most beautiful cave ornaments were made accessible for tourist visits.[4]
The cave is characterized by stable microclimate conditions, during the whole year the temperature is only 8°C and humidity over 90%.
The variety of important signs of life discovered in the cave establishes it among the richest palaeontological sites in the region. The cave bear skeletons discovered in the cave are estimated to be over 16.000 years old.
Signs of prehistoric culture were spotted on the slope leading to the main cave entrance. Dating of the remnants places them in the late Bronze Age, but remnants dating back to neolite and mezolite age are also expected to be found.
Because of its scientific and aesthetic characteristics the cave is destined to become the focus of the research and educational projects of the Faculty of Philosophy in Pale. The center is planned to be built on the banks of the Sinjeva river.
Forestry
There are more than 30 logging and wood production mills in the Pale municipality. The Wood Industry in Pale is an important part of the towns economy and number of people employed thre.
Currently there are too many logging facility around in the area, exceeding the renewal capacity of nearby forests.
International relations
Twin towns — Sister cities
Pale is twinned with:
External links
References
- ^ a b c d Official Town history page http://www.pale.rs.ba/pale/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59&Itemid=69
- ^ BIH Tourism http://www.bhtourism.ba/eng/whattoseeanddo.wbsp?wbf_mjesto=;9;
- ^ http://www.pale.rs.ba/pale/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=124&Itemid=91
- ^ Official Orlovaca Cave site http://orlovaca.com/pecina/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3&Itemid=2
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