Pashtunization
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Pashtunization
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Pashtunization (also called Afghanization[1][2][3]) is a process of cultural or linguistic change in which something non-Pashtun becomes Pashtun. The Pashtun people are the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan and the second largest ethnic group in Pakistan. People usually become Pashtunized when they settle in Pashtun dominated areas and assimilate to Pashtun culture[4], adapt the Pashto language or absorb Pashtunwali customs. Pashtunization is a specific form of cultural assimilation and has been taking place in Pashtun-populated regions of Afghanistan and Pakistan for several centuries.
| “ | In the eighth and ninth centuries ancestors of many of today's Turkic-speaking Afghans settled in the Hindu Kush area (partly to obtain better grazing land) and began to assimilate much of the culture and language of the Pashtun tribes already present there.[5] | ” |
The Khilji were originally Turkic tribes who had long domiciled in Afghanistan and gradually adopted the Pashtun culture. Some of them left during the Mongol invasion of Central Asia to South Asia, where they built empires such as the Khilji dynasty, Lodi dynasty, and Suri dynasty of Delhi. All of these are considered by historians as Afghans (Pashtuns).[6][7][8][9]
| “ | The Khiljis were a Turkish tribe but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, and adopted some Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in Delhi Court.[10] | ” |
Pashtunization may also refer to the settling of Pashtun tribes onto lands where non-Pashtun tribes live[11] or more broadly the erosion of the customs, traditions and language of non-Pashtun peoples due to the political power of the Pashtuns in Afghanistan.[12] This occurred in the Peshawar sub-region in the early sixteenth century, during the period of the Suri dynasty of Delhi.[13] It intensified in the mid-18th century under Ahmad Shah Durrani, when he conquered a huge swath of non-Pashtun land and established his Pashtun dominated Afghan Empire to ruler over it.[11] Some scolars[14] place the beginnings of forced pashtunization during the reign of Abdur Rahman Khan (in 19th century).
Some Pashtunization attempts were made in the early part of the 20th century by the Musahiban[15][16] or more recently by the Taliban.[17] On the other hand, some non-Pashtun Afghans or Pakistanis who live in close proximity with Pashtuns have adopted Pashtunwali on their own.[18]
See also
Notes
- ^ "Afghanization". Gilles Dorronsoro. carnegieendowment.org. September 23, 2009. http://carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=23873. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ "Karzai's Takeover Of Afghan Election Watchdog Raises Concerns". Ron Synovitz. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. February 23, 2010. http://www.rferl.org/content/Karzais_Takeover_Of_Afghan_Election_Watchdog_Raises_Concerns/1966164.html. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ Malik, Hafeez (1987). Soviet-American relations with Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan. Macmillan. p. 9 and 74. ISBN 0-333-40853-5, 9780333408537. http://books.google.com/books?id=loOGAAAAIAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
- ^ Banting, Erin.authorlink = (2003). [http://books.google.com/books?id=KRt0HfYFZGsC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Afghanistan The land]. Crabtree Publishing Company. p. 14. ISBN 0-7787-9335-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=KRt0HfYFZGsC&source=gbs_navlinks_s. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
- ^ "Islamic Conquest". Craig Baxter. Library of Congress Country Studies on Afghanistan. 1997. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+af0002).
- ^ Yunus, Mohammad; Aradhana Parmar (2003). South Asia: a historical narrative. Oxford University Press. p. 97. ISBN 0-19-579711-6, 9780195797114. http://books.google.com/books?id=opbtAAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
- ^ Cavendish, Marshall (2006). World and Its Peoples: The Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa. Marshall Cavendish. p. 320. ISBN 0-7614-7571-0, 9780761475712. http://books.google.com/books?id=j894miuOqc4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
- ^ "Khalji Dynasty". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045252/Khalji-Dynasty. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
- ^ Thorpe, Showick Thorpe Edgar (2009). The Pearson General Studies Manual 2009, 1/e. Pearson Education India. p. 63. ISBN 81-317-2133-7, 9788131721339. http://books.google.com/books?id=oAo1X2eagywC&source=gbs_navlinks_s. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
- ^ Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002). History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 28. ISBN 81-269-0123-3, 9788126901234. http://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC&source=gbs_navlinks_s. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
- ^ a b Meri, Josef W. (2006). "Sedentarism". Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. pp. 713. ISBN 0-415-96691-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC.
- ^ Lansford, Tom (2003) A Bitter Harvest: US foreign policy and Afghanistan Ashgate, Aldershot, Hants, England, ISBN 0-7546-3615-1, page 16: "The modern history of Afghanistan has witnessed a "Pashtunization" of the state as the customs, traditions and language of the Pashtuns have combined with the groups political power to erode the distinctive underpinnings of Afghanistan's other groups.FN20". FN20 cites: US, Department of the Army, Afghanistan: A Country Study, 5th ed. reprint (Washington, DC.: GPO, 1985) page 108.
- ^ "the Pashtun conquest of the Peshawar subregion in the early sixteenth century meant the Pashtunization of the area", Arlinghaus, Joseph Theodore (1988) The Transformation of Afgham Tribal Society: Tribal Expansion, Mughal Imperialism and the Roshaniyya Insurrection, 1450-1600 Thesis/dissertation, Duke University, p.17, OCLC 18996657
- ^ O. Roy, Ethnic Identity and Political Expression in Northern Afghanistan, in Muslims in Central Asia: Expressions of Identity and Change, 1992, ISBN 0-8223-1190-9.
- ^ Rubin, Barnett R. (2002). The fragmentation of Afghanistan: state formation and collapse in the international system. Yale University Press. p. 66. ISBN 0-300-09519-8, 9780300095197. http://books.google.com/books?id=laG03iJF7t8C&source=gbs_navlinks_s. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
- ^ Atabaki, Touraj; John O'Kane (1998). Post-Soviet Central Asia. Tauris Academic Stuides in association with the International Institute of Asian Studies. p. 208. ISBN 1-86064-327-2, 9781860643279. http://books.google.com/books?id=KwZpAAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
- ^ United States, Congress, House, Committee on International Relations (2003) United States Policy in Afghanistan: Current Issues in Reconstruction (Hearing Before the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, First Session, June 19 and October 16, 2003), G.P.O., Washington, DC, p. 104, ISBN 0-16-071157-6
- ^ Banting, Erinn (2003). Afghanistan the People. Crabtree Publishing Company. p. 208. ISBN 0-7787-9336-2, 9780778793366. http://books.google.com/books?id=fl8cd15sc7wC&source=gbs_navlinks_s. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
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