Pasteurellosis

A variety of infectious diseases caused by the coccobacilli Pasteurella multocida and P. haemolytica; the term also applies to diseases caused by any Pasteurella species. All Pasteurella species occur as commensals in the upper respiratory and alimentary tracts of their various hosts. Although varieties of some species cause primary disease, many of the infections are secondary to other infections or result from various environmental stresses. Pasteurella species are generally extracellular parasites that elicit mainly a humoral immune response. Several virulence factors have been identified. See also Virulence.

Pasteurella multocida is the most prevalent species of the genus causing a wide variety of infections in many domestic and wild animals, and humans. It is a primary or, more frequently, a secondary pathogen of cattle, swine, sheep, goats, and other animals. As a secondary invader, it is often involved in pneumonic pasteurellosis of cattle (shipping fever) and in enzootic or mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine. It is responsible for a variety of sporadic infections in many animals, including abortion, encephalitis, and meningitis. It produces severe mastitis in cattle and sheep, and toxin-producing strains are involved in atrophic rhinitis, an economically important disease of swine. Hemorrhagic septicemia, caused by capsular type B strains, has been reported in elk and deer in the United States.

All strains of P. haemolytica produce a soluble cytotoxin (leukotoxin) that kills various leukocytes of ruminants, thus lowering the primary pulmonary defense. It is the principal cause of the widespread pneumonic pasteurellosis of cattle. Other important diseases caused by certain serotypes of P. haemolytica are mastitis of ewes and septicemia of lambs.

All of the Pasteurella species can be isolated by culturing appropriate clinical specimens on blood agar. Multiple drug resistance is frequently encountered. Treatment is effective if initiated early. Among the drugs used are penicillin and streptomycin, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, sulphonamides, and some cephalosporins. Sound sanitary practices and segregation of affected animals may help limit the spread of the major pasteurelloses. Live vaccines and bacterins (killed bacteria) are used for the prevention of some. See also Pasteurella.

Infection with organisms of the genera Pasteurella and Mannheimia. In animals includes septicemic pasteurellosis, pneumonic pasteurellosis, both of cattle, snuffles in rabbits and pasteurellosis of swine, sheep and goats. The causative bacteria include Pasteurella multocida types A, B, C and D, and Mannheimia haemolytica.

• epidemic p. — see hemorrhagic septicemia.
• ovine, porcine and caprine p. — the more common pneumonic disease is caused by Mannheimia haemolytica and the septicemic disease by Pasteurella trehalosi.
• pneumonic p. — the common pasteurellosis of cattle caused by Mannheimia haemolytica and sometimes Pasteurella multocida type A. Characterized by acute bronchopneumonia with fever, dyspnea, abnormal breath sounds, weak cough, severe toxemia and death in 24 to 48 hours.
• septicemic p. — see hemorrhagic septicemia.

Pasteurellosis
Classification and external resources
ICD-10	A28.0
ICD-9	027.2
MeSH	[1]

Pasteurellosis is an infection with a species of the bacteria genus Pasteurella^[1] , which is found in humans and animals.

Pasteurella multocida (P. septica) is carried in mouth and respiratory tract of several animals, notably cats. It is a small Gram negative bacillus with bipolar staining by Wayson stain. In animals it can originate fulminant septicaemia (chicken cholera), but is also a common commensal.

Pasteurellosis in humans is associated with a close animal contact, and may be transmitted by cat bite.

Contents 1 Types 2 Pasteurellosis in animals 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

Types

There are several forms of the infection:

• Skin/Subcutaneous tissue Disease: this is a septic phlegmon that develops classically in the hand and forearm after cat bite. Inflammatory signs are very rapid to develop, in 1 or 2 hours, edema, severe pain and serosanguineous exudate appears. Fever, moderate or very high can be seen alongside with vomiting, headache and diarrhea. Lymphangitis is usual. Complications are possible, in the form of septic arthritis, osteitis or evolution to chronicity.

• Sepsis: is very rare, but can be as fulminant as septicaemic plague, with high fever, Rigor (medicine) and vomiting followed by shock and coagulopathy.

• Pneumonia disease: is also rare and appears in patients with some chronic pulmonary pathology. It usually presents as billateral consolidating pneumonia, sometimes very severe.

Other locations are possible, like septic arthritis, meningitis and acute endocarditis but are very rare.

Pasteurellosis in animals

P. multocida causes numerous pathological conditions in domestic animals. It often acts together with other infectious agents, like Chlamydiae, Mycoplasmae, viruses. The environmental conditions also play a role like transportation, housing deficiency, and bad weather.

The following diseases are considered caused by P. multocida, alone or associated to other pathogens :

• Pneumonia (non-human) in cattle and sheep.
• Enzootic pneumonia of sheep (and goats, with frequent intervention of Mannheimia haemolytica)
• Fowl cholera (chicken and other domestic poultry and cage birds)
• Enzootic pneumonia of pigs
• Pasteurellosis of chinchillas
• Pasteurellosis of rabbits

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is made with isolation of Pasteurella multocida in a normally sterile site ( blood, pus or CSF).

Treatment

Pasteurellosis is usually treated with high dose penicillin. Tetracycline and chloramphenicol provides an alternative in beta-lactam intolerant patients.

See also

• Pasteurella multocida infection
• Pasteurellaceae
• Pasteurella

References

1. ^ Kuhnert P; Christensen H (editors). (2008). Pasteurellaceae: Biology, Genomics and Molecular Aspects. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-34-9 . http://www.horizonpress.com/past. 

External links

• Pasteurella multocida-related diseases in sheep and goats

v • d • e Infectious diseases · Bacterial diseases: Proteobacterial G- (primarily A00–A79, 001–041, 080–109) α Rickettsiales Rickettsiaceae/ (Rickettsioses) Typhus Rickettsia typhi (Murine typhus) · Rickettsia prowazekii (Epidemic typhus) Spotted fever Tick-borne disease Rickettsia rickettsii (Rocky Mountain spotted fever) · Rickettsia conorii (Boutonneuse fever) Other Rickettsia akari (Rickettsialpox) · Orientia tsutsugamushi (Scrub typhus) Anaplasmataceae Ehrlichiosis: Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Human granulocytic anaplasmosis, Anaplasmosis) · Ehrlichia chaffeensis (Human monocytic ehrlichiosis) · Ehrlichia ewingii (Human ewingii ehrlichiosis) Rhizobiales Brucellaceae Brucella abortus (Brucellosis) Bartonellaceae Bartonellosis: Bartonella henselae (Cat-scratch disease) · Bartonella quintana (Trench fever) · either henselae or quintana (Bacillary angiomatosis) · Bartonella bacilliformis (Carrion's disease) β Neisseriales M+ Neisseria meningitidis/meningococcus (Meningococcal disease, Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome) M- Neisseria gonorrhoeae/gonococcus (Gonorrhea) ungrouped: Eikenella corrodens · Kingella kingae Burkholderiales Burkholderia pseudomallei (Melioidosis) · Burkholderia mallei (Glanders) · Burkholderia cepacia complex · Bordetella pertussis/Bordetella parapertussis (Pertussis) γ Enterobacteriales (OX-) Lac+ Klebsiella pneumoniae (Rhinoscleroma, Klebsiella pneumonia) · Klebsiella granulomatis (Granuloma inguinale) · Klebsiella oxytoca Escherichia coli: Enterotoxigenic · Enteroinvasive · O157:H7/Enterohemorrhagic (Hemolytic-uremic syndrome) Enterobacter aerogenes/Enterobacter cloacae Slow/weak Serratia marcescens (Serratia infection) · Citrobacter Lac- H2S+ Salmonella enterica (Typhoid fever, Paratyphoid fever, Salmonellosis) H2S- Shigella dysenteriae/sonnei/flexneri/boydii (Shigellosis, Bacillary dysentery) · Proteus mirabilis/Proteus vulgaris · Yersinia pestis (Plague/Bubonic plague) · Yersinia enterocolitica · Yersinia pseudotuberculosis' Pasteurellales Haemophilus: influenzae (Haemophilus meningitis, Brazilian purpuric fever) · ducreyi (Chancroid) Pasteurella multocida (Pasteurellosis) · Actinobacillus (Actinobacillosis) Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Legionellales Legionella pneumophila/Legionella longbeachae (Legionellosis) · Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) Thiotrichales Francisella tularensis (Tularemia) Vibrionales Vibrio cholerae (Cholera) · Vibrio vulnificus · Vibrio parahaemolyticus · Vibrio alginolyticus · Plesiomonas shigelloides Pseudomonadales Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pseudomonas infection) · Moraxella catarrhalis · Acinetobacter baumannii Xanthomonadales Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Cardiobacteriales Cardiobacterium hominis ε Campylobacterales Campylobacter jejuni (Campylobacteriosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome) · Helicobacter pylori (Peptic ulcer, MALT lymphoma)

This disease article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)