Pathogen-associated molecular pattern

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or PAMPs, describe the molecules associated with groups of pathogens. which are recognised by cells of the innate immune system. These molecules can be referred to as small molecular motifs conserved within a class of microbes. They are recognized by TLR's Toll-Like Receptors and other pattern recognition receptors (PRRs; also called pathogen recognition receptors) in both plants and animals.

They activate innate immune responses, protecting the host from infection, by identifying some conserved non-self molecules. Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an endotoxin found on the bacterial cell membrane of a bacterium, is considered to be the prototypical PAMP. LPS is specifically recognised by TLR 4, a recognition receptor of the innate immune system. Other PAMPs include bacterial flagellin, lipoteichoic acid from Gram positive bacteria, peptidoglycan, and nucleic acid variants normally associated with viruses, such as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) or unmethylated CpG motifs. Although the term "PAMP" is relatively new, the concept that molecules derived from microbes must be detected by receptors from multicellular organisms has been held for many decades, and references to an "endotoxin receptor" are found in much of the older literature.

The term "PAMP" has been criticized on the grounds that most microbes, not only pathogens, express the molecules detected; the term MAMP has therefore been proposed (Microbe-associated molecular pattern).^[1] A virulence signal capable of binding to a pathogen receptor, in combination with a MAMP, has been proposed as one way to constitute a (pathogen-specific) PAMP.^[2]

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