Paul Nitze
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Paul H. Nitze
(1907–2004)
U.S. government official, author, educator. Early in 1950, as director of the State Department's Policy Planning Staff, Paul H. Nitze oversaw the drafting of a report, NSC 68, to President Harry S. Truman urging a general strengthening of U.S. armed forces to counter the threat of Soviet aggression. The outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 convinced many policymakers, including Truman, that the report had merit. It thus became for all practical purposes the basic blueprint for the ensuing Cold War military buildup.
Nitze's role in NSC 68 was only one of the many crucial decisions in which he participated during a public career spanning fifty years. Despite the Great Depression, Nitze prospered as a Wall Street bond trader in the 1930s, but came to Washington in 1940 at the request of his business partner, James V. Forrestal, to work part‐time on the mobilization effort. In World War II Nitze served with the Board of Economic Warfare and as a director of the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey. After the war, he joined the State Department and helped draft the 1948 Marshall Plan legislation to rebuild war‐torn Europe. Nitze left government in 1953, but returned with the Kennedy administration as assistant secretary of defense for international security affairs to become a key figure in U.S. policy during the Berlin Wall Crisis (1961) and the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962). Though regarded as a “hawk” on most defense matters, he was a “dove” on Vietnam and regretted U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War during the 1960s because it drained American resources and diverted attention from the growing problem of Soviet strategic nuclear power.
In the 1970s and 1980s Nitze turned his attention to nuclear arms control and disarmament, first as a member of the U.S. delegation to the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) between Washington and Moscow. Though instrumental in negotiating the 1972 Anti‐Ballistic Missile Treaty, he lobbied against Senate ratification of the 1979 SALT II Treaty limiting offensive strategic launchers because he felt it made too many concessions to the Russians. Under President Ronald Reagan, however, he helped negotiate the 1987 ban on U.S. and Soviet intermediate range nuclear missiles and participated in laying the groundwork for the 1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty.
When not serving in government, Nitze was a highly successful businessman and a prolific writer on arms control, foreign policy, and strategic theory. He encouraged closer ties between government and academia and was one of the founders in 1944 of what became the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies, which now bears his name.
[See also Berlin Crises; Cold War: External Course; Cold War: Domestic Course; National Council Memoranda; National Security in the Nuclear Age; SALT Treaties.]
Bibliography
- Steven L. Rearden, The Evolution of American Strategic Doctrine: Paul H. Nitze and the Soviet Challenge, 1984.
- Strobe Talbott, The Master of the Game: Paul Nitze and the Nuclear Peace, 1988.
- Paul H. Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost: At the Center of Decision—A Memoir, 1989.
- David Callahan, Dangerous Capabilities: Paul Nitze and the Cold War, 1990
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Paul Nitze
Oxford Dictionary of the US Military:
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Paul Henry Nitze
Nitze, Paul Henry (1907-) government official and policymaker, born in Amherst, Massachusetts. His public career spanned fifty years. As director of the State Department's policy and planning staff (1950-53), Nitze was the principal writer of a National Security Council document that became the basic blueprint for the ensuing Cold War military buildup. As assistant secretary of defense for international security during the John F. Kennedy administration, he played a key role during the Berlin Wall (1961) and Cuban Missile (1962) crises. In the seventies and eighties Nitze focused on arms control and disarmament. He was a delegate to the first SALT talks (1969-73) but opposed SALT II (1979) because of concessions it granted the Russians. He helped negotiate the 1987 ban on U.S. and Soviet intermediate-range nuclear missiles.
See the Introduction, Abbreviations and Pronunciation for further details.
Columbia Encyclopedia:
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Paul Henry Nitze
Nitze, Paul Henry (nĭt'sə), 1907-2004, American public official, b. Amherst, Mass., grad. Harvard, 1927. After working in investment banking, he entered government service in 1940 and served in a variety of posts, including that of vice chairman of the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey (1944-46). As head of policy planning for the State Dept. (1950-53), he was the principal author of a highly influential secret National Security Council document (NSC-68), which provided the strategic outline for increased U.S. expenditures to counter the perceived threat of Soviet armament. He also served as Secretary of the Navy (1963-67) and Deputy Secretary of Defense (1967-69), as a member of the U.S. delegation to the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT; 1969-73), and Assistant Secretary of Defense for international affairs (1973-76). Later, fearing Soviet rearmament, he opposed the ratification of SALT II (1979). He was President Reagan's chief negotiator of the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces (INF) treaty (1981-84). In 1984 he was named special adviser to the President and Secretary of State on Arms Control. For over forty years, Nitze was one of the chief architects of U.S. policy toward the Soviet Union.
Bibliography
See studies by S. Talbott (1988) and N. Thompson (2009).
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Paul Nitze
| Paul Nitze | |
|---|---|
 |
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| Paul Nitze as Secretary of the Navy | |
| United States Secretary of the Navy | |
| In office November 29, 1963 – June 30, 1967 |
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| Preceded by | Paul B. Fay (acting) |
| Succeeded by | Charles F. Baird (acting) |
| Personal details | |
| Born | January 16, 1907 Amherst, Massachusetts |
| Died | October 19, 2004 (aged 97) Washington, D.C. |
| Alma mater | Harvard University |
| Occupation | government official, investment banker |
Paul Henry Nitze (January 16, 1907 – October 19, 2004) was a high-ranking United States government official who helped shape Cold War defense policy over the course of numerous presidential administrations.
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Early life, education, and family
Nitze was born in Amherst, Massachusetts. His German ancestors came from the region of Magdeburg. Paul Nitze's father, William Nitze was a professor of Romance Linguistics who concluded his career at the University of Chicago. In his memoir, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, Paul Nitze describes how as a young boy he witnessed the outbreak of World War I while traveling in Germany with his father, mother, and sister, arriving in Munich just in time to be struck by the city crowds' patriotic enthusiasm for the imminent conflict.
Nitze attended the Hotchkiss School and graduated from Harvard University in 1928 and entered the field of investment banking.
In 1928-1929 the Chicago brokerage firm of Bacon, Whipple and Company sent Nitze to Europe. Upon his return, he heard Clarence Dillon predict the depression and the decline of the importance of finance. Having attained financial independence through the sale to Revlon of his interest in a French laboratory producing pharmaceutical products in the U.S., Nitze took an intellectual sabbatical that included a year of graduate study at Harvard in sociology, philosophy, and constitutional and international law. In 1929 he joined investment bank Dillon, Read & Co. where he remained until founding his own firm, P. H. Nitze & Co, in 1938. He returned to Dillon, Read as Vice-President from 1939 through to 1941.[1]
In 1932, he married Phyllis Pratt, daughter of John Teele Pratt, Standard Oil financier and Ruth Baker Pratt Republican Congresswoman for New York. She died in 1987. They had four children: Peter, William, Phyllis Anina (Nina) and Heidi. The journalist Nicholas Thompson, who wrote a biography of Nitze and George F. Kennan, is his grandson.[2] He was married to Elisabeth Scott Porter from 1993 until his death in 2004.
Nitze's brother-in-law Walter Paepcke founded the Aspen Institute and Aspen Skiing Company. Nitze continued to ski in Aspen until well into his 80s.
Political career
Nitze entered government service during World War II, serving first on the staff of James Forrestal when Forrestal became an administrative assistant to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. In 1942, he became finance director of the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs,[3] working for Nelson Rockefeller. In 1943 he became chief of the Metals and Minerals Branch of the Board of Economic Warfare, until he was named director, Foreign Procurement and Development Branch of the Foreign Economic Administration later that year. From 1944 to 1946, Nitze served as director and then as Vice Chairman of the Strategic Bombing Survey for which President Harry S. Truman awarded him the Legion of Merit. One of his early government assignments was to visit Japan in the immediate aftermath of the nuclear attacks and assess the damage. This experience framed many of his later feelings about the power of nuclear weapons and the necessity of arms control.
In the early post-war era, he served in the Truman Administration as Director of Policy Planning for the State Department (1950–1953). He was also principal author in 1950 of a highly influential secret National Security Council document (NSC-68), which provided the strategic outline for increased U.S. expenditures to counter the perceived threat of Soviet armament.
From 1953 to 1961, Nitze served as president of the Foreign Service Educational Foundation while concurrently serving as associate of the Washington Center of Foreign Policy Research and the School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) of the Johns Hopkins University.
Nitze co-founded SAIS with Christian Herter in 1943 and the world renowned graduate school, based in Washington, D.C., is named in his honor. His publications during this period include U.S. Foreign Policy: 1945-1955. In 1961 President Kennedy appointed Nitze Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs and in 1963 he became the Secretary of the Navy, serving until 1967. According to the Navy "During his time as the Navy secretary, he raised the level of attention given to quality of Service issues. His many achievements included establishing the first Personnel Policy Board and retention task force (the Alford Board), and obtaining targeted personnel bonuses. He lengthened commanding officer tours and raised command responsibility pay."http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/navy/ddg-94.htm
Following his term as Secretary of the Navy, he served as Deputy Secretary of Defense (1967–1969), as a member of the U.S. delegation to the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) (1969–1973), and Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Affairs (1973–1976). Later, fearing Soviet rearmament, he opposed the ratification of SALT II (1979).
Paul Nitze was a co-founder of Team B, a 1970s intelligence think tank that challenged the National Intelligence Estimates provided by the CIA. The Team B reports became the intellectual foundation for the idea of "the window of vulnerability" and of the massive arms buildup that began toward the end of the Carter administration and accelerated under President Ronald Reagan. Team B came to the conclusion that the Soviets had developed new weapons of mass destruction and had aggressive strategies with regard to a potential nuclear war. Team B's analysis of Soviet weapon systems was later proven to be largely exaggerated.
According to Dr. Anne Cahn (Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 1977–1980) "if you go through most of Team B's specific allegations about weapons systems, and you just examine them one by one, they were all wrong." Nonetheless, some still claim that its conclusions about Soviet strategical aims were largely proven to be true,[4] although this hardly squares with the elevation of Gorbachev in 1985.
Nitze was President Ronald Reagan's chief negotiator of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (1981–1984). In 1984, Nitze was named Special Advisor to the President and Secretary of State on Arms Control.
For more than forty years, Nitze was one of the chief architects of U.S. policy toward the Soviet Union. President Reagan awarded Nitze the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1985 for his contributions to the freedom and security of the United States. In 1991, he was awarded the prestigious United States Military Academy's Sylvanus Thayer Award for his commitment to the Academy's ideals of "Duty, Honor, Country".
Death and legacy
- Nitze died in Washington, D.C, aged 97 in October, 2004.
- The Arleigh-Burke class destroyer USS Nitze is named in his honor. Nitze visited the ship for several ceremonial occasions prior to his death.
- The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies of The Johns Hopkins University is named in his honor.
- St. Mary's College of Maryland, where he served as a trustee, has an honors program in his name.
Offices and positions held
- Vice chairman of the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey (1944–1946).
- Director of Policy Planning for the United States Department of State. (1950–1953)
- Secretary of the Navy (1963–1967)
- Deputy Secretary of Defense (1967–1969),
- Member of the U.S. delegation to the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (1969–1973),
- Assistant Secretary of Defense for international affairs (1973–1976).
- Special Adviser to the President and Secretary of State on Arms Control (1984–1989).
Notes and references
This article incorporates public domain text from the United States Navy.
- ^ "Paul Nitze". The Times. October 22, 2004. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article497316.ece.
- ^ Interview with Thompson on "New Books in History"
- ^ "Paul H Nitze". The Telegraph. 21 October 2004. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1474744/Paul-H-Nitze.html.
- ^ Tanenhaus, Sam (November 11, 2003). "The Hard Liner". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2003/11/02/the_hard_liner/. Retrieved June 9, 2006.
Quotes
- "I have been around at a time when important things needed to be done."
External links
- Annotated bibliography for Paul Nitze from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
- Interview about the SALT I negotiations for the WGBH series War and Peace in the Nuclear Age
- Dangerous Capabilities: Paul Nitze and the Cold War
| Government offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Paul B. Fay (acting) |
Secretary of the Navy November 29, 1963 – June 30, 1967 |
Succeeded by Charles F. Baird (acting) |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Cyrus Vance |
United States Deputy Secretary of Defense 1967–1969 |
Succeeded by David Packard |
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Oxford Companion to US Military History
The Oxford Companion to American Military History. Copyright © 2000 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
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The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military. Copyright © 2001, 2002 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
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The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. www.cc.columbia.edu/cu/cup/.
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