Personal defense weapon

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A Heckler & Koch MP7. The HK MP7 is part of Germany's IdZ modernization program and is now in use with police and military in Germany.

A personal defense weapon (often abbreviated PDW) is a compact semi-automatic or fully-automatic firearm similar in most respects to a submachine gun, but firing an (often proprietary) armor-piercing round, giving a PDW better range, accuracy and armor-penetrating capability than submachine guns, which fire pistol-caliber cartridges. The class of weapon as it exists today evolved as a hybrid between a submachine gun and a carbine, retaining the compact size and ammunition capacity of the former while adding the ammunition power, accuracy and penetration of the latter.

Origins

The modern PDW stems from weapons that were a combination of guns and knives, as they were specifically designed to be concealable weapons for the purpose of individual defense rather than a combat weapon. The earliest implementation of this is the Frank Wesson "dagger-pistol".^[1] Many soldiers would benefit from lighter, more compact arms than the line infantry arm. In the 1800s and early 1900s, shorter versions of the infantry rifle were issued as 'carbines' for cavalry troops and gun crews, then dropped as infantry rifle designs were shortened such as in the SMLE rifle.

During the interwar period, the Argentine firm Hispano Argentina de Automotives SA (HAFDASA) introduced the C-2 machine pistol issued to armoured vehicle personel. This weapon was basically a short variant of the C-4 submchine gun, fed from a 40/50 round casket box magazine depending on which calibre the weapon is chambered. Although the C-2 was an effective weapon, it didnt see much service outside Argentina but predates designs such as the Škorpion vz. 61 and Ingram MAC-10.

Pistols generally were considered too limited in effectiveness for the role. In the First World War, the Mauser C96 and artillery versions of the Luger pistol were issued with attachable shoulder stock holsters and could partially meet this requirement. The World War II era M1 carbine can be considered a forerunner of modern personal defense weapons. It filled a similar role; it was not primarily intended for front line troops, but for support personnel such as drivers, engineers and medics to defend themselves in an emergency. Pistol-caliber submachine guns could fill the role, but were historically considered automatic weapons for front-line uses.

In 1986, United States Army Infantry School based at Fort Benning issued the reference document Smalls Arms Strategy 2000, which defines the APDW (Advanced Personal Defense Weapon).

PDWs were developed during the late 1980s for non-combatant troops as compact automatic weapons that could defeat enemy body armor. The earliest PDWs marketed as such were the Heckler & Koch MP5K-PDW and the GG-95 PDW.^[1] Standard pistols and submachine guns chambered for pistol rounds had proven ineffective against armored soldiers and compact lightweight weapons capable of penetrating body armor were needed. In this role, they were supposed to be a more convenient alternative to the standard assault rifle, as their smaller size and lighter weight would be less of an encumbrance to a person whose primary function on the battlefield was not frontline fighting.

Ammunition

Typical PDWs use small-caliber, high-velocity pistol bullets capable of penetrating soft body armor up to Level IIIa. However, the wound characteristics of such ultra-light, high-velocity bullets are the object of some debate as their stopping power against unarmored opponents is considered inadequate.

The 4.6 x 30 mm and 5.7 x 28 mm cartridges have been criticized for their low terminal effectiveness. This claim comes especially from those who discount the "energy dump" theory of wound ballistics such as Dr. Martin Fackler and Dr. Gary Roberts.^{[citation needed]} Kinetic energy manifests itself in human tissue in temporary stretching of tissue, which most tissue (except for liver and neural tissue) is able to withstand with little ill effect. Dr. Fackler and Dr. Roberts argue that the combination of a tiny permanent wound cavity and frequently insufficient penetration (the US Federal Bureau of Investigation recommends a minimum of 12 inches of penetration in ballistic gel) make these PDW cartridges terrible terminal performers.^{[citation needed]}

PDWs are otherwise similar to submachine guns in most respects, and are often classified as such. Both types of guns tend to have a very high rate of fire which, when combined with the lower recoil of the smaller pistol-sized cartridges, increases the probability of multiple hits.

Applications

A Fabrique Nationale P90 PDW.

The PDW concept has not been widely successful, among other reasons because PDWs are not significantly cheaper to manufacture than full sized assault rifles, and are more expensive than most SMGs while being less effective in scenarios where armor-piercing ammunition is unavailable or unnecessary (such as most civilian and law enforcement applications). The potential military market for PDWs has been dampened, due to the introduction of carbines based on full-size assault rifles (such as the M4 Carbine variant of the M16A2) that retain most features of and compatibility with their full-sized relatives.

Additionally, PDWs usually require a special cartridge, such as the 5.7 x 28 mm Cartridge for the FN P90 or 4.6 x 30 mm for the H&K MP7, which are not compatible with existing pistol or rifle rounds. A different take on this however is the Russian made PP-2000 which can fire the common and well tested 9x19mm Parabellum round and a special armour piercing version to give it the same capabilities as other PDWs.

Though they have never become very popular for military applications, many personal defense weapons have found their way into the hands of security forces and some special forces as direct replacements for submachine guns. Like submachine guns, PDWs are ultra-light weapons, and their high rate of fire and lower recoil from pistol-sized cartridges enable higher accuracy. Assault rifles and carbines, by comparison, are generally heavier and have higher muzzle blast and recoil and may overpenetrate due to their rifle rounds.

Modern PDWs

• Fabrique Nationale P90
• VBR-Belgium PDW
• Heckler & Koch MP5K-PDW
• Heckler & Koch MP7
• Saab Bofors Dynamics CBJ-MS
• ST Kinetics CPW^[2]
• Parker Hale PDW/Bushman IDW
• PP-2000
• Chinese Type 05 PDW
• Hezi SM-1
• Knight's Armament Company PDW
• Colt MARS
• Magpul PDR
• Robinson Armament XCR PDW/Micro
• Type 97b

References

External links

• personaldefenceweapons.com