The plain, literal meaning of a text as contrasted with Derash, its homiletical meaning. Biblical interpretation by the talmudic and midrashic sages was almost exclusively homiletical. This, however, did not preclude the awareness of the plain meaning of the text.
Thus Bible commentaries generally fall into the literal and exegetical categories. Some commentators adhere to the text's literal meaning while others interpret it midrashically, allegorically, mystically, or philosophically. Rashi, for example, in his commentary on the Pentateuch, declares that his purpose is to render the literal meaning of Scripture. Nevertheless, he frequently cites a Midrash, especially when this solves some apparent difficulty in the text.
Among other Bible commentators, such outstanding figures as Abraham Ibn Ezra, Samuel Ben Meir, and David Kimḥi favored peshat. Samuel ben Meir did not hesitate to contradict the talmudic, legal interpretation of a verse if, in his opinion, its plain meaning demanded it. See also Pardes.
