Nucleoside phosphoramidites are derivatives of natural or synthetic nucleosides. They are used to synthesise short nucleic acid chains. They were first introduced by in 1981 by Beaucage and Caruthers[1]. Protection groups have been added to a normal nucleoside's reactive exocyclic amine and hydroxy groups. The chemical process allows several modifications, such as linker arms or using alternative nucleotides, such as LNA or morpholino or 2' group modified (OMe, NH2, F) or abasic, non-canon bases (xanthine, hypoxanthine, tricyclic bases, etc) or bases with a fluorescent group, linker arm to attach a fluorescent group (aminoallyl) or biotin attached and so forth. There are a variety of alternative chemical methods to do so, in fact Pubmed list nearly a thousand articles that modify this method[2]. The prices depend on the company and the quantity required and are around 0.17$-0.30$ a base for DNA, while higher prices for RNA 3.50-4.50$/base (technology is not that efficient) and other variants[3][4]. The efficiency of the chemical synthesis is about 98% per base (see capping step). This is ideal for short oligos, but beyond 100 bases the increasing drop in efficiency makes enzymatic ligation the preferred method.
See also
References
- ^ Deoxynucleoside phosphoramidites—A new class of key intermediates for deoxypolynucleotide synthesis, Tetrahedron Letters, Volume 22, Issue 20, 1981, Pages 1859-1862, S. L. Beaucage and M. H. Caruthers http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(01)90461-7
- ^ [1]
- ^ IDT [2]
- ^ Invitrogen [3]
Verma S, Eckstein F.1998 Modified oligonucleotides: synthesis and strategy for users. Annu Rev Biochem.67:99-134.
Brown T, Brown DJS. 1991. In Oligonucleotides and Analogues. A Practical Approach, ed. F Eckstein, pp. 1– 24. Oxford: IRL
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