Frédéric Chopin composed his Piano Sonata No. 2 in B-flat minor, Op. 35 mainly in 1839 at Nohant near Chateauroux in France, although the third movement, which comprises the funeral march had been composed as early as 1837.
The sonata consists of four movements.
- Grave; Doppio movimento
- Scherzo
- Marche funèbre: Lento
- Finale: Presto
The first movement features a stormy opening theme and a gently lyrical second theme. The second movement is a virtuoso scherzo with a more relaxed melodic central section. The third movement begins and ends with the celebrated funeral march in B flat minor which gives the sonata its nickname, but has a calm interlude in D flat major. The finale contains a whirlwind of unison notes with unremitting (not a single rest or chord until the final bars) unvarying tempo or dynamics (changes of volume); James Huneker, in his introduction to the American version of Mikuli edition of the Sonatas, quotes Chopin as saying "The left hand unisono with the right hand are gossiping after the March". Others have remarked that the fourth movement is "wind howling around the gravestones".
The Sonata confused contemporary critics who found it lacked cohesion. Robert Schumann suggested that Chopin had in this sonata "simply bound together four of his most unruly children." (See Schirmer's modern reprint of the Mikuli edition)
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Funeral March
As noted above, the 3rd movement is structured as a funeral march played with a Lento interlude. While the term "funeral march" is perhaps a fitting description of the 3rd movement, complete with the Lento interlude in D flat major, "Chopin's Funeral March" is used commonly to describe only the funeral march proper (in B flat minor). The "funeral march" has become well known in popular culture. It was also used at the state funerals of John F. Kennedy and those of Soviet leaders, including Leonid Brezhnev. It was transcribed for full orchestra by the English composer Sir Edward Elgar in 1933 and its first performance was at his own memorial concert the next year. It was played at the graveside during Chopin's own burial at Père Lachaise cemetery in Paris. [1]
Influences
The sonata's opening bars allude to Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 32, Op. 111, his last. The basic sequence of scherzo, funeral march with trio, and animated, resolving finale, repeats that of Beethoven's Piano Sonata no. 12 A-flat major; however, Chopin's first movement is written in sonata form while Beethoven's first movement is a set of variations on an original theme. Chopin was known to have admired these two Beethoven sonatas[2].
References
- ^ Fryderyk Chopin - A Chronological Biography, accessed 21 May 2007
- ^ see Wayne C. Petty's article, Chopin and the ghost of Beethoven, 19-Century Music XXII/3, 1999, pp. 281-299.
Further reading
- In his book The Romantic Generation (1995, Harvard University Press), Charles Rosen discusses in great detail many features of this sonata.
External links
- Piano Sonata No. 2: Free scores at the International Music Score Library Project.
- Piano Sonata No. 2 sheet music available at Musopen.com
- Recording of Sonata No.2 performed by the pianist Alberto Cobo
- Interesting use of 3rd momenent of Sonata No.2 in social ad
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