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PIK3R1

 
Wikipedia: PIK3R1
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Phosphoinositide-3-kinase, regulatory subunit 1 (p85 alpha)
PBB Protein PIK3R1 image.jpg
PDB rendering based on 1bfi.
Available structures
1bfi, 1bfj, 1fu5, 1fu6, 1h9o, 1oo3, 1oo4, 1pbw, 1pht, 1pic, 1pks, 1pkt, 1pnj, 1qad, 2iug, 2iuh, 2iui, 2pna, 2pnb, 2pni
Identifiers
Symbols PIK3R1; GRB1; p85-ALPHA
External IDs OMIM: 171833 HomoloGene: 7889
RNA expression pattern
PBB GE PIK3R1 212240 s at tn.png
PBB GE PIK3R1 212249 at tn.png
PBB GE PIK3R1 212239 at tn.png
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species Human Mouse
Entrez 5295 n/a
Ensembl ENSG00000145675 n/a
UniProt P27986 n/a
RefSeq NM_181504 (mRNA) n/a (mRNA)
NP_852556 (protein) n/a (protein)
Location Chr 5:
67.55 - 67.63 Mb		 n/a
PubMed search [1] n/a

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PIK3R1 gene.[1]

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase phosphorylates the inositol ring of phosphatidylinositol at the 3-prime position. The enzyme comprises a 110 kD catalytic subunit and a regulatory subunit of either 85, 55, or 50 kD. This gene encodes the 85 kD regulatory subunit. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase plays an important role in the metabolic actions of insulin, and a mutation in this gene has been associated with insulin resistance. Alternative splicing of this gene results in three transcript variants encoding different isoforms.[2]

Interactions

PIK3R1 has been shown to interact with EPH receptor A2,[3] KHDRBS1,[4][5] Lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2,[6] Janus kinase 2,[7] GAB2,[8][9] CD117,[10][11][12] BCAR1,[13] CD28,[14] SHB,[15] VIL2,[16] PIK3CD,[17] GAB1,[18][19][20] HRAS,[21][22] TUBA1B,[23] CD7,[24][25] FCGR2A,[26][27] Grb2,[28][29] IRS2,[30][31][32][33] ADAM12,[34] TYRO3,[35] VAV1,[18][36] ERBB3,[37][38] Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein,[39] LTK,[40][41] PTK2,[42] Interleukin 1 receptor, type I,[43] CBLB,[44][45] Erythropoietin receptor,[36][46] Linker of activated T cells,[47] Cbl gene,[48][49][50] IRS1[51][52][53][33] and CENTG1.[54]

References

  1. ^ Volinia S, Patracchini P, Otsu M, Hiles I, Gout I, Calzolari E, Bernardi F, Rooke L, Waterfield MD (May 1992). "Chromosomal localization of human p85 alpha, a subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and its homologue p85 beta". Oncogene 7 (4): 789–93. PMID 1314371. 
  2. ^ "Entrez Gene: PIK3R1 phosphoinositide-3-kinase, regulatory subunit 1 (p85 alpha)". http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=5295. 
  3. ^ Pandey, A; Lazar D F, Saltiel A R, Dixit V M (Dec. 1994). "Activation of the Eck receptor protein tyrosine kinase stimulates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 269 (48): 30154–7. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 7982920. 
  4. ^ Sánchez-Margalet, V; Najib S (Oct. 2001). "Sam68 is a docking protein linking GAP and PI3K in insulin receptor signaling". Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. (Ireland) 183 (1-2): 113–21. ISSN 0303-7207. PMID 11604231. 
  5. ^ Shen, Z; Batzer A, Koehler J A, Polakis P, Schlessinger J, Lydon N B, Moran M F (Aug. 1999). "Evidence for SH3 domain directed binding and phosphorylation of Sam68 by Src". Oncogene (ENGLAND) 18 (33): 4647–53. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1203079. ISSN 0950-9232. PMID 10467411. 
  6. ^ Shim, Eun Kyung; Moon Chang Suk, Lee Gi Yeon, Ha Yun Jung, Chae Suhn-Kee, Lee Jong Ran (Sep. 2004). "Association of the Src homology 2 domain-containing leukocyte phosphoprotein of 76 kD (SLP-76) with the p85 subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase". FEBS Lett. (Netherlands) 575 (1-3): 35–40. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2004.07.090. ISSN 0014-5793. PMID 15388330. 
  7. ^ Fuhrer, D K; Yang Y C (Jul. 1996). "Complex formation of JAK2 with PP2A, P13K, and Yes in response to the hematopoietic cytokine interleukin-11". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (UNITED STATES) 224 (2): 289–96. ISSN 0006-291X. PMID 8702385. 
  8. ^ Lynch, Danielle K; Daly Roger J (Jan. 2002). "PKB-mediated negative feedback tightly regulates mitogenic signalling via Gab2". EMBO J. (England) 21 (1-2): 72–82. ISSN 0261-4189. PMID 11782427. 
  9. ^ Crouin, C; Arnaud M, Gesbert F, Camonis J, Bertoglio J (Apr. 2001). "A yeast two-hybrid study of human p97/Gab2 interactions with its SH2 domain-containing binding partners". FEBS Lett. (Netherlands) 495 (3): 148–53. ISSN 0014-5793. PMID 11334882. 
  10. ^ De Sepulveda, P; Okkenhaug K, Rose J L, Hawley R G, Dubreuil P, Rottapel R (Feb. 1999). "Socs1 binds to multiple signalling proteins and suppresses steel factor-dependent proliferation". EMBO J. (ENGLAND) 18 (4): 904–15. doi:10.1093/emboj/18.4.904. ISSN 0261-4189. PMID 10022833. 
  11. ^ van Dijk, T B; van Den Akker E, Amelsvoort M P, Mano H, Löwenberg B, von Lindern M (Nov. 2000). "Stem cell factor induces phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase-dependent Lyn/Tec/Dok-1 complex formation in hematopoietic cells". Blood (UNITED STATES) 96 (10): 3406–13. ISSN 0006-4971. PMID 11071635. 
  12. ^ Serve, H; Hsu Y C, Besmer P (Feb. 1994). "Tyrosine residue 719 of the c-kit receptor is essential for binding of the P85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase and for c-kit-associated PI 3-kinase activity in COS-1 cells". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 269 (8): 6026–30. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 7509796. 
  13. ^ Li, E; Stupack D G, Brown S L, Klemke R, Schlaepfer D D, Nemerow G R (May. 2000). "Association of p130CAS with phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase mediates adenovirus cell entry". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 275 (19): 14729–35. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 10799562. 
  14. ^ Pagès, F; Ragueneau M, Klasen S, Battifora M, Couez D, Sweet R, Truneh A, Ward S G, Olive D (Apr. 1996). "Two distinct intracytoplasmic regions of the T-cell adhesion molecule CD28 participate in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase association". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 271 (16): 9403–9. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 8621607. 
  15. ^ Karlsson, T; Songyang Z, Landgren E, Lavergne C, Di Fiore P P, Anafi M, Pawson T, Cantley L C, Claesson-Welsh L, Welsh M (Apr. 1995). "Molecular interactions of the Src homology 2 domain protein Shb with phosphotyrosine residues, tyrosine kinase receptors and Src homology 3 domain proteins". Oncogene (ENGLAND) 10 (8): 1475–83. ISSN 0950-9232. PMID 7537362. 
  16. ^ Gautreau, A; Poullet P, Louvard D, Arpin M (Jun. 1999). "Ezrin, a plasma membrane-microfilament linker, signals cell survival through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (UNITED STATES) 96 (13): 7300–5. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 10377409. 
  17. ^ Vanhaesebroeck, B; Welham M J, Kotani K, Stein R, Warne P H, Zvelebil M J, Higashi K, Volinia S, Downward J, Waterfield M D (Apr. 1997). "P110delta, a novel phosphoinositide 3-kinase in leukocytes". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (UNITED STATES) 94 (9): 4330–5. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 9113989. 
  18. ^ a b Bertagnolo, V; Marchisio M, Volinia S, Caramelli E, Capitani S (Dec. 1998). "Nuclear association of tyrosine-phosphorylated Vav to phospholipase C-gamma1 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase during granulocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells". FEBS Lett. (NETHERLANDS) 441 (3): 480–4. ISSN 0014-5793. PMID 9891995. 
  19. ^ Holgado-Madruga, M; Emlet D R, Moscatello D K, Godwin A K, Wong A J (Feb. 1996). "A Grb2-associated docking protein in EGF- and insulin-receptor signalling". Nature (ENGLAND) 379 (6565): 560–4. doi:10.1038/379560a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 8596638. 
  20. ^ Rocchi, S; Tartare-Deckert S, Murdaca J, Holgado-Madruga M, Wong A J, Van Obberghen E (Jul. 1998). "Determination of Gab1 (Grb2-associated binder-1) interaction with insulin receptor-signaling molecules". Mol. Endocrinol. (UNITED STATES) 12 (7): 914–23. ISSN 0888-8809. PMID 9658397. 
  21. ^ Hanna, A N; Chan E Y, Xu J, Stone J C, Brindley D N (Apr. 1999). "A novel pathway for tumor necrosis factor-alpha and ceramide signaling involving sequential activation of tyrosine kinase, p21(ras), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 274 (18): 12722–9. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 10212255. 
  22. ^ Rodriguez-Viciana, P; Warne P H, Khwaja A, Marte B M, Pappin D, Das P, Waterfield M D, Ridley A, Downward J (May. 1997). "Role of phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase in cell transformation and control of the actin cytoskeleton by Ras". Cell (UNITED STATES) 89 (3): 457–67. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 9150145. 
  23. ^ Kapeller, R; Toker A, Cantley L C, Carpenter C L (Oct. 1995). "Phosphoinositide 3-kinase binds constitutively to alpha/beta-tubulin and binds to gamma-tubulin in response to insulin". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 270 (43): 25985–91. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 7592789. 
  24. ^ Lee, D M; Patel D D, Pendergast A M, Haynes B F (Aug. 1996). "Functional association of CD7 with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase: interaction via a YEDM motif". Int. Immunol. (ENGLAND) 8 (8): 1195–203. ISSN 0953-8178. PMID 8918688. 
  25. ^ Subrahmanyam, Gosukonda; Rudd Christopher E, Schneider Helga (Jan. 2003). "Association of T cell antigen CD7 with type II phosphatidylinositol-4 kinase, a key component in pathways of inositol phosphate turnover". Eur. J. Immunol. (Germany) 33 (1): 46–52. doi:10.1002/immu.200390006. ISSN 0014-2980. PMID 12594831. 
  26. ^ Chacko, G W; Brandt J T, Coggeshall K M, Anderson C L (May. 1996). "Phosphoinositide 3-kinase and p72syk noncovalently associate with the low affinity Fc gamma receptor on human platelets through an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif. Reconstitution with synthetic phosphopeptides". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 271 (18): 10775–81. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 8631888. 
  27. ^ Ibarrola, I; Vossebeld P J, Homburg C H, Thelen M, Roos D, Verhoeven A J (Jul. 1997). "Influence of tyrosine phosphorylation on protein interaction with FcgammaRIIa". Biochim. Biophys. Acta (NETHERLANDS) 1357 (3): 348–58. ISSN 0006-3002. PMID 9268059. 
  28. ^ Saleem, A; Kharbanda S, Yuan Z M, Kufe D (May. 1995). "Monocyte colony-stimulating factor stimulates binding of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase to Grb2.Sos complexes in human monocytes". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 270 (18): 10380–3. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 7737969. 
  29. ^ Wang, J; Auger K R, Jarvis L, Shi Y, Roberts T M (May. 1995). "Direct association of Grb2 with the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 270 (21): 12774–80. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 7759531. 
  30. ^ Argetsinger, L S; Norstedt G, Billestrup N, White M F, Carter-Su C (Nov. 1996). "Growth hormone, interferon-gamma, and leukemia inhibitory factor utilize insulin receptor substrate-2 in intracellular signaling". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 271 (46): 29415–21. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 8910607. 
  31. ^ Verdier, F; Chrétien S, Billat C, Gisselbrecht S, Lacombe C, Mayeux P (Oct. 1997). "Erythropoietin induces the tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-2. An alternate pathway for erythropoietin-induced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 272 (42): 26173–8. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 9334184. 
  32. ^ Kim, B; Cheng H L, Margolis B, Feldman E L (Dec. 1998). "Insulin receptor substrate 2 and Shc play different roles in insulin-like growth factor I signaling". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 273 (51): 34543–50. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 9852124. 
  33. ^ a b Hamer, I; Foti M, Emkey R, Cordier-Bussat M, Philippe J, De Meyts P, Maeder C, Kahn C R, Carpentier J-L (May. 2002). "An arginine to cysteine(252) mutation in insulin receptors from a patient with severe insulin resistance inhibits receptor internalisation but preserves signalling events". Diabetologia (Germany) 45 (5): 657–67. doi:10.1007/s00125-002-0798-5. ISSN 0012-186X. PMID 12107746. 
  34. ^ Kang, Q; Cao Y, Zolkiewska A (Jul. 2001). "Direct interaction between the cytoplasmic tail of ADAM 12 and the Src homology 3 domain of p85alpha activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in C2C12 cells". J. Biol. Chem. (United States) 276 (27): 24466–72. doi:10.1074/jbc.M101162200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 11313349. 
  35. ^ Lan, Z; Wu H, Li W, Wu S, Lu L, Xu M, Dai W (Jan. 2000). "Transforming activity of receptor tyrosine kinase tyro3 is mediated, at least in part, by the PI3 kinase-signaling pathway". Blood (UNITED STATES) 95 (2): 633–8. ISSN 0006-4971. PMID 10627473. 
  36. ^ a b Shigematsu, H; Iwasaki H, Otsuka T, Ohno Y, Arima F, Niho Y (May. 1997). "Role of the vav proto-oncogene product (Vav) in erythropoietin-mediated cell proliferation and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 272 (22): 14334–40. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 9162069. 
  37. ^ Hellyer, N J; Kim M S, Koland J G (Nov. 2001). "Heregulin-dependent activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and Akt via the ErbB2/ErbB3 co-receptor". J. Biol. Chem. (United States) 276 (45): 42153–61. doi:10.1074/jbc.M102079200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 11546794. 
  38. ^ Lin, J; Adam R M, Santiestevan E, Freeman M R (Jun. 1999). "The phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase pathway is a dominant growth factor-activated cell survival pathway in LNCaP human prostate carcinoma cells". Cancer Res. (UNITED STATES) 59 (12): 2891–7. ISSN 0008-5472. PMID 10383151. 
  39. ^ Banin, S; Truong O, Katz D R, Waterfield M D, Brickell P M, Gout I (Aug. 1996). "Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) is a binding partner for c-Src family protein-tyrosine kinases". Curr. Biol. (ENGLAND) 6 (8): 981–8. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 8805332. 
  40. ^ Kozutsumi, H; Toyoshima H, Hagiwara K, Yazaki Y, Hirai H (Oct. 1994). "Human ltk receptor tyrosine kinase binds to PLC-gamma 1, PI3-K, GAP and Raf-1 in vivo". Oncogene (ENGLAND) 9 (10): 2991–8. ISSN 0950-9232. PMID 8084603. 
  41. ^ Ueno, H; Honda H, Nakamoto T, Yamagata T, Sasaki K, Miyagawa K, Mitani K, Yazaki Y, Hirai H (Jun. 1997). "The phosphatidylinositol 3' kinase pathway is required for the survival signal of leukocyte tyrosine kinase". Oncogene (ENGLAND) 14 (25): 3067–72. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1201153. ISSN 0950-9232. PMID 9223670. 
  42. ^ Guinebault, C; Payrastre B, Racaud-Sultan C, Mazarguil H, Breton M, Mauco G, Plantavid M, Chap H (May. 1995). "Integrin-dependent translocation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase to the cytoskeleton of thrombin-activated platelets involves specific interactions of p85 alpha with actin filaments and focal adhesion kinase". J. Cell Biol. (UNITED STATES) 129 (3): 831–42. ISSN 0021-9525. PMID 7537275. 
  43. ^ Reddy, S A; Huang J H, Liao W S (Nov. 1997). "Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in interleukin 1 signaling. Physical interaction with the interleukin 1 receptor and requirement in NFkappaB and AP-1 activation". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 272 (46): 29167–73. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 9360994. 
  44. ^ Lavagna-Sévenier, C; Marchetto S, Birnbaum D, Rosnet O (Jun. 1998). "The CBL-related protein CBLB participates in FLT3 and interleukin-7 receptor signal transduction in pro-B cells". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 273 (24): 14962–7. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 9614102. 
  45. ^ Elly, C; Witte S, Zhang Z, Rosnet O, Lipkowitz S, Altman A, Liu Y C (Feb. 1999). "Tyrosine phosphorylation and complex formation of Cbl-b upon T cell receptor stimulation". Oncogene (ENGLAND) 18 (5): 1147–56. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1202411. ISSN 0950-9232. PMID 10022120. 
  46. ^ Damen, J E; Cutler R L, Jiao H, Yi T, Krystal G (Oct. 1995). "Phosphorylation of tyrosine 503 in the erythropoietin receptor (EpR) is essential for binding the P85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase and for EpR-associated PI 3-kinase activity". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 270 (40): 23402–8. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 7559499. 
  47. ^ Paz, P E; Wang S, Clarke H, Lu X, Stokoe D, Abo A (Jun. 2001). "Mapping the Zap-70 phosphorylation sites on LAT (linker for activation of T cells) required for recruitment and activation of signalling proteins in T cells". Biochem. J. (England) 356 (Pt 2): 461–71. ISSN 0264-6021. PMID 11368773. 
  48. ^ Gesbert, F; Garbay C, Bertoglio J (Feb. 1998). "Interleukin-2 stimulation induces tyrosine phosphorylation of p120-Cbl and CrkL and formation of multimolecular signaling complexes in T lymphocytes and natural killer cells". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 273 (7): 3986–93. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 9461587. 
  49. ^ Zhang, S; Broxmeyer H E (Jan. 1999). "p85 subunit of PI3 kinase does not bind to human Flt3 receptor, but associates with SHP2, SHIP, and a tyrosine-phosphorylated 100-kDa protein in Flt3 ligand-stimulated hematopoietic cells". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (UNITED STATES) 254 (2): 440–5. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.9959. ISSN 0006-291X. PMID 9918857. 
  50. ^ Dufour, Cécilie; Guenou Hind, Kaabeche Karim, Bouvard Daniel, Sanjay Archana, Marie Pierre J (Jun. 2008). "FGFR2-Cbl interaction in lipid rafts triggers attenuation of PI3K/Akt signaling and osteoblast survival". Bone (United States) 42 (6): 1032–9. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2008.02.009. ISSN 8756-3282. PMID 18374639. 
  51. ^ Hadari, Y R; Tzahar E, Nadiv O, Rothenberg P, Roberts C T, LeRoith D, Yarden Y, Zick Y (Sep. 1992). "Insulin and insulinomimetic agents induce activation of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase upon its association with pp185 (IRS-1) in intact rat livers". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 267 (25): 17483–6. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 1381348. 
  52. ^ Morrison, Kevin B; Tognon Cristina E, Garnett Mathew J, Deal Cheri, Sorensen Poul H B (Aug. 2002). "ETV6-NTRK3 transformation requires insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor signaling and is associated with constitutive IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation". Oncogene (England) 21 (37): 5684–95. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1205669. ISSN 0950-9232. PMID 12173038. 
  53. ^ Gual, Philippe; Gonzalez Teresa, Grémeaux Thierry, Barres Romain, Le Marchand-Brustel Yannick, Tanti Jean-François (Jul. 2003). "Hyperosmotic stress inhibits insulin receptor substrate-1 function by distinct mechanisms in 3T3-L1 adipocytes". J. Biol. Chem. (United States) 278 (29): 26550–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M212273200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 12730242. 
  54. ^ Ye, K; Hurt K J, Wu F Y, Fang M, Luo H R, Hong J J, Blackshaw S, Ferris C D, Snyder S H (Dec. 2000). "Pike. A nuclear gtpase that enhances PI3kinase activity and is regulated by protein 4.1N". Cell (UNITED STATES) 103 (6): 919–30. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 11136977. 

Further reading

  • Benito M, Valverde AM, Lorenzo M (1996). "IGF-I: a mitogen also involved in differentiation processes in mammalian cells.". Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 28 (5): 499–510. doi:10.1016/1357-2725(95)00168-9. PMID 8697095. 
  • Snapper SB, Rosen FS (1999). "The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP): roles in signaling and cytoskeletal organization.". Annu. Rev. Immunol. 17: 905–29. doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.17.1.905. PMID 10358777. 
  • Katada T, Kurosu H, Okada T, et al. (1999). "Synergistic activation of a family of phosphoinositide 3-kinase via G-protein coupled and tyrosine kinase-related receptors.". Chem. Phys. Lipids 98 (1-2): 79–86. doi:10.1016/S0009-3084(99)00020-1. PMID 10358930. 
  • Zhang W, Samelson LE (2000). "The role of membrane-associated adaptors in T cell receptor signalling.". Semin. Immunol. 12 (1): 35–41. doi:10.1006/smim.2000.0205. PMID 10723796. 
  • Greenway AL, Holloway G, McPhee DA, et al. (2004). "HIV-1 Nef control of cell signalling molecules: multiple strategies to promote virus replication.". J. Biosci. 28 (3): 323–35. doi:10.1007/BF02970151. PMID 12734410. 
  • Leavitt SA, SchOn A, Klein JC, et al. (2004). "Interactions of HIV-1 proteins gp120 and Nef with cellular partners define a novel allosteric paradigm.". Curr. Protein Pept. Sci. 5 (1): 1–8. doi:10.2174/1389203043486955. PMID 14965316. 
  • Joseph AM, Kumar M, Mitra D (2005). "Nef: "necessary and enforcing factor" in HIV infection.". Curr. HIV Res. 3 (1): 87–94. doi:10.2174/1570162052773013. PMID 15638726. 
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