Pneuma

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Pneuma (πνεύμα) is an ancient Greek word for "breath," and in a religious context for "spirit" or "soul." It is given various technical meanings by medical writers and philosophers of antiquity, including:

• Pneuma, "air in motion, breath, wind," equivalent in the material monism of Anaximenes to aer (ἀήρ, "air") as the element from which all else originated; the earliest extant occurrence of the term
• Pneuma (ancient medicine), the circulating air that is necessary for the systemic functioning of vital organs, according to various medical writers of antiquity
• The connate pneuma of Aristotle, the warm mobile "air" that in the sperm transmits the capacity for locomotion and certain sensations to the offspring; see also Vital heat and Spontaneous generation: Aristotle
• Pneuma (Stoic), the Stoic philosophical concept of the animating warm breath, in both the cosmos and the body

In Judaic and Christian usage, pneuma is a common word for "spirit" in the Septuagint and Greek New Testament, and also refers to:

• The Pneumatic or "spiritual human" of Gnosticism
• Pneuma, a concept of Christian pneumatology
• Pneuma akatharton, unclean spirit
• Pneuma (journal), subtitled "The Journal of the Society for Pentecostal Studies"

Music

• Pneuma, a 2007 album by post rock band, Moving Mountains.

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