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("Cipher Bureau")
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| Methods and technology |
| "ANX" · Enigma "doubles" · Grill Clock · Cyclometer · Card catalog Cryptologic bomb Zygalski sheets · Lacida |
| Locations |
| Saxon Palace · Kabaty Woods PC Bruno · Cadix |
| Personnel |
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Chief
Gwido Langer German Section cryptologists
Marian Rejewski · Jerzy Różycki Henryk Zygalski · Antoni Palluth Wiktor Michałowski Chief of Russian Section
Jan Graliński Russian Section cryptologist
Piotr Smoleński |
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Enigma "doubles" were machines produced by the Polish Cipher Bureau, based on Marian Rejewski's reconstruction of the German Enigma machine's wirings.[1]
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Built in Poland
In February 1933, the Polish Cipher Bureau ordered fifteen "doubles" of the military Enigma machine from the AVA Radio Manufacturing Company, in Warsaw.[2] Ultimately about seventy such units would be produced.
Precious gift
In 1939, two Enigma doubles were sent to Paris and London.[3] Until then, German military Enigma traffic had defeated the British and French, and they had faced the disturbing prospect that German communications would remain "black" to them for the duration of the coming war.
Built in France
After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939 and key Polish Cipher Bureau personnel evacuated to France, the Cipher Bureau resumed its interrupted work at PC Bruno, outside Paris. The Poles had only three Enigma doubles to work with,[4] and these were wearing out from round-the-clock use. French Army intelligence officer Gustave Bertrand ordered parts for forty doubles from a French precision-mechanics firm. Manufacture proceeded sluggishly, however; it was only after the fall of France and the opening of underground work in the Free Zone of the south in October 1940 that four machines were finally assembled.[5]
See also
- Cipher Bureau.
- Saxon Palace, in Warsaw, where German Enigma ciphers were first broken (December 1932).
- Cryptologic methods and technology
- "ANX method."
- Enigma "doubles" (1932).
- Grill.
- Clock.
- Cyclometer (1934 or 1935).
- Card catalog (1935 or 1936).
- Cryptologic bomb (1938): a machine designed by Marian Rejewski to facilitate the retrieval of Enigma keys.
- Zygalski sheets (1938): invented by Henryk Zygalski, and called "perforated sheets" by the Poles, the device made possible the reconstitution of the Enigma's entire cipher key.
Notes
- ^ Richard Woytak, "A Conversation with Marian Rejewski," pp. 53–55.
- ^ Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, p. 25.
- ^ Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, pp. 59–60.
- ^ Two secretly taken out of Poland during the evacuation, and the one that had been sent to France after the July 25, 1939, tripartite Warsaw conference. Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, p. 83.
- ^ Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, pp. 84–85.
References
- Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two, edited and translated by Christopher Kasparek, Frederick, MD, University Publications of America, 1984, ISBN 0-89093-547-5.
- Richard Woytak, "A Conversation with Marian Rejewski," transcribed and translated by Christopher Kasparek, Cryptologia, vol. 6, no. 1 (January 1982), pp. 50–60.
- Zbigniew Brzezinski, "The Unknown Victors," pp.15–18 in Jan Stanisław Ciechanowski, ed., Marian Rejewski, 1905–1980: Living with the Enigma Secret, Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz City Council, 2005, ISBN 83-7208-117-4.
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