The Pontic-Caspian steppe is the vast steppeland stretching from the north of the Black Sea (called Pontus Euxinus in antiquity) as far as the east of the Caspian Sea, from western Ukraine across the Southern Federal District and the Volga Federal District of Russia to western Kazakhstan, forming part of the larger Eurasian steppe, adjacent to the Kazakh steppe to the east. The area corresponds to Scythia and Sarmatia of Classical antiquity. Across several millennia the steppe was used by numerous tribes of nomadic horsemen, many of which went on to conquer lands in the settled regions of Europe and in western and southern Asia. It was finally brought under the control of a sedentary people by the Russian Empire in the 16th to 18th centuries.
The term Ponto-Caspian region is used in biogeography for plants and animals of these steppes, and animals from the Black, Caspian and Azov seas. Genetic research has identified this region as the most probable place where horses were first domesticated.[1]
Contents |
Geography and ecology
The Pontic steppe covers an area of 994,000 square kilometres (384,000 sq mi), extending from eastern Romania across southern Moldova, Ukraine, Russia and northwestern Kazakhstan to the Ural Mountains. The Pontic steppe is bounded by the East European forest steppe to the north, a transitional zone of mixed grasslands and temperate broadleaf and mixed forests. To the south, the Pontic steppe extends to the Black Sea, excepting the Crimean and western Caucasus mountains' border with the sea, where the Crimean Submediterranean forest complex defines the southern edge of the steppes. The steppe extends to the western shore of the Caspian Sea in the Dagestan region of Russia, but the drier Caspian lowland desert lies between the Pontic steppe and the northwestern and northern shores of the Caspian. The Kazakh Steppe bounds the Pontic steppe on the southeast.
The Ponto-Caspian seas are the remains of the Turgai Sea, an extension of the Paratethys which extended south and east of the Urals and covering much of today's West Siberian Plain in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic.
Prehistoric cultures
- Sredny Stog culture 4500–3500 BC
- Yamna/Kurgan culture 3500–2300 BC
- Catacomb culture 3000–2200 BC
- Srubna culture 1600–1200 BC
- Novocherkassk culture 900–650 BC
Historical peoples and nations
- Indo-Iranians/Aryans 20th–15th c. BC
- Cimmerians 8th–7th c. BC
- Scythians 8th–4th c. BC
- Sarmatians 5th c. BC – 5th c. AD
- Goths 3rd–6th c.
- Bulgars 3rd–6th c.
- Huns 4th–8th c.
- Alans 5th–11th c.
- Eurasian Avars 6th–8th c.
- Göktürks 6th–8th c.
- Onogurs 8th c.
- Sabirs 6th–8th c.
- Khazars 6th–11th c.
- Pechenegs 8th–11th c.
- Kipchaks and Cumans 11th–13th c.
- Golden Horde 13th–15th c.
- Cossacks, Crimean Khanate, Volga Tatars, Nogais and other Turkic states and tribes 15th–18th c.
- Russian Empire 18th–20th c.
- Soviet Union 20th c.
- Moldova, Kazakhstan, Russian Federation, Ukraine 20th–21st c.
See also
- Eurasian Steppe
- Kurgan hypothesis
- Ukrainian stone stela
- Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
- Late Glacial Maximum
- Haplogroup R1a1 (Y-DNA)
- Tarim mummies
External links
References
This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)
