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Today South America consists of twelve sovereign republics. The continent was colonized by the Europeans: First by the Spaniards, and the Portuguese; and later by the Dutch, the French, and the English.
Most of the present-day nations gained independence in the early 19th century. There are still three dependencies in the continent (the Falkland Islands and the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands under British rule and French Guiana under French control.)
Below there is a list of all present sovereign states in South America and their predecessors:
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