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| Prekmurian | ||
|---|---|---|
| prekmurščina, prekmürščina | ||
| Spoken in | Slovenia, Hungary and emigrant groups in various countries | |
| Total speakers | 80 thousand | |
| Language family | Indo-European
|
|
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1 | None | |
| ISO 639-2 | ||
| ISO 639-3 | – | |
 |
||
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
| South Slavic languages and dialects |
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| Slovene dialects Prekmurian dialect · Resian dialect |
| Differences between standard Bosnian · Croatian · Serbian |
|
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| 1 Includes Banat Bulgarian alphabet. |
The Prekmurian dialect (Slovene: prekmurščina, prekmursko narečje, Hungarian: Vend nyelvjárás, Vend nyelv, lit. Wends dialect, Prekmurian: prekmürski jezik, prekmürščina) is the easternmost dialect of the Slovene language, spoken in the Prekmurje region of Slovenia and by the Hungarian Slovenes in the Vas county in western Hungary. The prekmurian language at the same time is regional language (pokrajinski jezik). Among the Slovene dialects, Prekmurian is the only one with a historically developed literary standard, and the prekmürščina was the language of school education, the press and the christian liturgy in the church. For centuries, the Hungarian name for the Slovenes living within the borders of the Kingdom of Hungary was Vendek, which is mirrored in the traditional English denomination Wends. In the 18th and 19th century the Prekmurian authors used to designate the dialect as sztári szlovenszki jezik (Old Slovene Language). It is closely related to the Slovene dialects in neighbouring Lower Styria, as well as to the Kajkavian dialect of Serbo-Croatian.
Contents |
Extension
The Prekmurian dialect is spoken by approximately 80 thousand speakers worldwide. Most of them reside in Prekmurje, the easternmost region of Slovenia, where the dialect is the used as the native language by the majority of the population. In Hungary, it is used by the Slovene-speaking minority in the Vas county around and in the town of Szentgotthárd. Several thousands speakers of the dialect reside in other Hungarian towns, particularly Budapest, Szombathely, Bakony and Mosonmagyaróvár. Traditionally, the dialect was used also in the Hungarian Slovene colony in Somogy (most notably in the village of Tarany), but it has nearly disappeared in the last two centuries.
There are some speakers in Austria, Germany, the United States and in Argentina, as well as in the major towns in Slovenia, especially Maribor and Ljubljana, where significant immigrant communities from Prekmurje have settled.
Linguistic features
In the opinion of the early 20th century philologist Ágoston Pável, the "Wends (Prekmurian) language belongs to the group of Southern Slavic languages. It is in fact a large, autonomous dialect of Slovene, from which it differs mostly in stress, intonation, consonant softness and – due to the lack of a significant language reform – a scarceness of vocabulary of modern terms."
Nowadays, Prekmurian is considered as part of the Pannonian dialectical group (Slovene: panonska narečna skupina), also known as the Eastern Slovene Group (vzhodnoslovenska narečna skupina), one of eight dialect groups into which the Slovene language is divided. Prekmurian shares many common features with the dialects of the sub-regions of Haloze, Slovenske gorice and Prlekija, with which it is completely mutually intelligible. It is also closely related to the Kajkavian dialect of Serbo-Croatian, although the different pronunciation makes mutual comprehension difficult. Prekmurian, especially its more traditional version spoken by Hungarian Slovenes, is not easily understood by speakers from central and western Slovenia, while the speakers of eastern Slovenia (Lower Styria) have much less difficulty in understanding it.
The dialect includes many archaic words which have disappeared from modern Slovene. Some words still used in Prekmurian can be traced in the Second Freising manuscript from the 9th century, the oldest record of the Slovene language. Along with the three dialects spoken in Venetian Slovenia and with the Slovene dialects of eastern Carinthia, Prekmurian is considered to be the most conservative of all Slovene dialects regarding the vocabulary. On the other hand, many words in modern Prekmurian are borrowed from Hungarian and German.
The Prekmurian dialect has a specific phonology, which is similar to the one found in other dialects of the Eastern Slovenian group. The vowels ü and ö are used, which do not appear in standard Slovene. For example, Prekmurians would say günac (ox) for the standard Slovene junec or vol, ülanca (clay) for standard Slovene ilovica, and vküp/vküper (together) for the standard Slovene vkup/skupaj. The vowels "ü" and "ö" are particularly prominent in the northern dialects of Vendvidék and in Goričko. Older names of several settlements (Budinci-Büdinci, Beltinci-Böltinci, Turnišče-Törnišče, Lemerje-Lömergje), family names (Küzmič, Šömenek, Sükič, Kürnjek, Küplen, Sűnič, Küčan), and names of rivers and hills (Müra, Möra, Bükovnica, Törnjek) often had these letters.
The use of the diphthongs au or ou, unknown in standard Slovene, is also widespread. Prekmurian speakers would thus say Baug or Boug (God) instead of the standard Bog, kaus or kous (piece) instead of the standard kos, and paut or pout (path) instead of the standard pot.
Around 50% of the vocabulary of Prekmurian differs from that of standard Slovene, although the number of specific Prekmurian words not found in other Slovene dialects is much lower. intonation, palatalization of consonants and the use of accents are also different. There are dozens of Hungarian and German loanwords. The frequent presence of German loanwords is particularly observable among Hungarian Slovenes and in north and west Prekmurje.
Inflections are somewhat similar to Serbo-Croatian. In Prekmurian, the expression "in Hungary" is rendered as v Vogrskoj, as in Serbo-Croatian u Mađarskoj/Ugarskoj, comparad to the standard Slovene na Madžarskem/na Ogrskem. One of the reasons for the closeness to standard Serbo-Croatian might be the long tradition of connections between the two peoples: since before the 18th century, most Prekmurian priests and teachers (both Catholic and Protestant) were educated in Croatia, particularly in Zagreb or Varaždin. In old Hymnal of Martjanci (Sztárá martyanszka peszmarica), the influences of Serbo-Croatian are clear. The 18th-century Prekmurian writers who created the Prekmurian standard applied many features of the Kajkavian dialect. In 1833, József Kossics, who was partially of Croat descent, wrote a grammar-book emphasizing the Croatian features, with much of the terminology borrowed from Kajkavian, although elements from Styrian Slovene dialects were also included.
| Standard Slovene | Prekmurian | Croatian | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| moč | jákost | jakost | power |
| ni res | nej istino | nje istino | untrue |
| jaz sem | jas/dja sem | ja sam | i am |
| in | i | i | and |
The "v" (in) inflexion is in Prekmurian "v" or "vu." The "v" form in some dialect alters to "f," as in Kajkavian. In Vendvidék "yesterday" is fčará (Slovene: včeraj). Prekmurian, as with Serbo-Croatian, preserves a dual number along with singular and plural.
| Slovene | Prekmurian |
|---|---|
| Jaz sem | Jas sam/Dja sam/Ges san/Dja sen |
| Ti si | tij si |
| on/ona je | on/ona je |
| midva sva | müva va |
| vidva sta | vüva ta |
| Onadva sta | Njüva ta |
| mi smo | mij mo |
| vi ste | vij te |
| oni so | one do |
Prekmurian ABC
The Prekmurian literary standard was not written with the Bohorič alphabet used by Slovenes in Inner Austria, but with the Hungarian alphabet. János Murkovics's course-book (1871) was the first book to apply Gaj's Latin Alphabet.
Before 1914
After 1914
Prekmurian dialects
- The Vendvidék or Rabian dialect (Slovene: Porabsko podnarečje, Perkmurian Bákerski dialektuš[1]), near the Raba river, in the district of Szentgotthárd
- The Goričko dialect (Slovene: Goričko podnarečje, Prekmurian Gorički dialektuš) in Upper-Prekmurje, Grad, north territory of Cankova)
- The Ravensko dialect (Slovene: Ravensko podnarečje, Prekmurian Ravénski dialektuš[2]) west territory of Cankova, and south territory of Murska Sobota and Rakičan
- The dialect of Murska Sobota (Slovene: Soboško podnarečje, Prekmurian Soboški dialektuš) the territory of Murska Sobota
- The Markovsko or Dolinsko dialect (Slovene: dolinsko (markovsko) podnarečje, Perkmurian Dolénski i Markiški dialektuš[3]) south territory of Rakičan, near the Mura and Ledava rivers.
The Goričko dialect includes the Slavečian sub-dialect spoken by Miklós and István Küzmics.
History
The Prekmurian dialect developed from the language of the Carantanian Slavs who settled the Balaton principality in the 9th century. Due to the political and geographical separation from other Slovene dialects (unlike most of contemporary Slovenia, which was part of the Holy Roman Empire, Prekmurje was under the authority of the Kingdom of Hungary for almost a thousand years), the Prekmurian dialect acquired many specific features. Separated from the cultural development of the bulk of Slovene Lands, the Slovenes in Hungary gradually forged their own specific culture and also their own literary language. In the end of the 16th century few Slovene Protestant pastor was break away for Hungary. The pastors bring along the Bible of Primož Trubar and apply in Gornji Petrovci.
The first book in the Prekmurian dialect appeared in 1715, and was written by the Evangelic Pastor Ferenc Temlin. In the 18th and early 19th century, a regional literature written in Prekmurian flourished. It comprised mostly - although not exclusively - religious texts, written by both Protestant and Catholic clergymen. The most important authors were the Lutheran pastor István Küzmics and the Roman Catholic priest Miklós Küzmics who settled the standard for Prekmurian regional literary language in the 18th century. Both of them were born in central Prekmurje, and accordingly the regional literary language was also based on the central sub-dialects of Prekmurian.
Miklós Küzmics in 1790s was analyze the standard Slovene language, but have an idea that far cry and hence reject the Slovene language. The poet, writer, translator and journal Imre Augustich make approaches to the standard Slovene, but inasmuch as retain the Hungarian alphabet, hence again come to naught the approximation. Poet Ferenc Sbüll also make a motion the acceptance of the standard Slovene language.
By the 16th century, a theory linking the Hungarian Slovenes to the ancient Vandals had become popular. Accordingly, Prekmurian was frequently designated in Hungarian Latin documents as the Vandalian language (Latin: lingua vandalica, Hungarian: Vandál nyelv, Prekmurian: vandalszki jezik or vandalszka vüszta).
With the advent of modernization in mid 19th century, this kind of literature slowly declined. Nevertheless, the regional standard continued to be used in religious services. In the last decades of the 19th and 20th century, the denomination "Wends" and "Wends language" was promoted, mostly by pro-Hungarians, in order to emphasize the difference between Hungarian Slovenes and other Slovenes, including attempts to create a separate ethnic identity.
In 1919, most of Prekmurje was assigned to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and Slovene replaced Hungarian as the language of education and administration. Standard Slovene gradually started to replace Prekmurian in the local Roman Catholic church, while the Evangelic community continued to use the dialect in their religious services. The local press tried to combine the old Prekmurian regional standard with standard Slovene, making it completely intelligible to Slovenes from other regions. In the late 1920s and 1930s, many Slovenes from the Julian March who fled from Fascist Italy settled in Prekmurje, especially in the town of Murska Sobota, which helped spreading the use of standard Slovene among the population. The Yugoslav authorities encouraged the settlements of Slovene political immigrants from the Kingdom of Italy in Prekmurje as an attempt to reduce the influence of the Magyar element in the region; besides, the western Slovene dialects were very difficult to understand for the Prekmurians, thus the use of standard Slovene became almost indespensible for the mutual understaning.[4]
After World War II, the Evangelic Church also switched to standard Slovene in most of its parishes, and the Prekmurian has since been relegated to an almost exclusively private use. Nevertheless, the Prekmurian dialect is, along with Resian, one of the few Slovene dialects which is still used by the majority of speakers in their respective territories in its original version, with very few influence from standard Slovene. This creates a situation of diglossy, where the dialect is used as the predominant means of communication in the private life, while the standard language is used in schools, the administration and in the media. The situation is different among Hungarian Slovenes, where standard Slovene is still very rarely used.
The stations of the standard Prekmurian
1715-1807
In Vilko Novak's opinion, Temlin's Mali Katechismus was the premise of the standard Prekmurian, inasmuch as this is the first printed book. In 1725 print off the first prekmurian coursebook, the Abeczedarium Szlowenszko (Prekmurian/Slovene ABC-book), what create the ground of the Prekmurian Grammar.
In 1742 was appear the Réd zvelicsánsztva, printed book of Mihály Szever Vanecsai (Miháo Szever zVanecsa), what the third printed book in the Prekmurian dialect, therefore rate to subsequent ground-writing.
By the Gospel of István Küzmics (Nouvi Zákon), also his ABC-book (ABC kni'sicza, or Abecednik, 1753), and the Vöre Krsztsanske krátki Návuk likewise regulate to the prekmurian. Küzmics born into the Ravensko, in Strukovci, and here speak the slavečian vice-dialect. This speak also Miklós Küzmics.
Miklós Küzmics also wrote a ABC-book (ABC kni'snicza, 1790), a catholic catechism (Krátka summa velikoga katekizmussa, 1780) and service-book (Szlovenszki silabikár, 1780), prayer-book (Kniga molitvena, 1783), and the catholic Gospel (Szvéti evangyeliomi, 1780). István and Miklós in first recline upon but the Kajkavian dialect, and receive words by the Hungarian language (farizeus-farizeuš-pharisee).
The ABC-book of Miklós Küzmics was in binding usage every school into the Prekmurje in 1790-1868.
- Farther issues of Küzmics Gospels, ABC books and prayer-books
- István Küzmics's
- Nouvi zákon ali Testamentom goszpodna nasega Jezusa Krisztusa (1817)
- Nôvi zákon ali Testamentom Goszpodna nasega Jezusa Krisztusa. Zdaj oprvics zGrcskoga na sztári Szlovenszki jezik obrnyeni po Küzmics Stevani (1848, edit Sándor Terplán)
- Novi zákon ali Testamentom Goszpodna nasega Jezus Krisztusa. Szlovencseni po Küzmics Stevani. V Becsi, Vödáni po angluskom i zvönésnyem tüváristvi za Biblie (1883)
- Novi zákon ali testamentom Goszpodna nasega Jezus Krisztusa (1928), this is the last issue
-
- Miklós Küzmics's
- Kniga molitvena, v-steroj sze nahájajo rázlocsne ponizne molitvi, z-dvojim pridavekom (1796)
- Szlovenszki szilabikár (1821)
- Krátka summa velikoga katekizmusa z-szpitávanyem, i odgovárjanyem mladoszti na návuk vu czaszarszki, i králeszki dr'sányaj. (1833)
- Kniga molitvena, v-steroj sze nahájajo razlocsne ponizne molitvi, z-dvojim pridavekom, na haszek szlovenszkoga národa na szvetloszt dána (1838)
- Szvéti Evangyeliomi pouleg réda rimszkoga na vsze nedele i szvétesnye dni z-obcsinszkoga szvétoga piszma na szlovenszki jezik obrnyeni po V. P. goszpoudi Küzmics Miklosi, plebánusi i vice esperesti (1844)
- Szlovenszki szilabikár (1847)
- Szlovenszki szilabikár, z-steroga sze decza steti more navcsiti, z-nikimi rejesiczami, sz- prilo'senim krsztsánszkim návukom, pod prespan stampanya znouvics dani (1851, edit József Borovnják)
- Szvéti Evangyeliomi pouleg Réda Rimszkoga na vsze Nedele i Szvétesnye Dni (1852, edit József Borovnják)
- Krátka summa velikoga katekizmussa z-szpitávanyem i odgovárlyanyem mladoszti na návuk vu czaszarszki, i králeszki dr'sányaj (1852)
- Kniga molitvena, v-steroj sze nahajajo razlocsne ponizne molitvi z-dvojnim pridavekom (1853, edit József Kossics)
- Kniga molitvena v-steroj sze nahajajo rázlocsne ponizne molitvi, z-dvójim pridavekom (1853)
- Kniga molitvena v-steroj sze nahajajo rázlocsne ponizne molitvi, z-dvojim pridavekom (1855, edit József Kossics)
- Szlovenszki szilabikár, z-steroga sze decza steti more navesiti, z-nikimi rejcsiczami, i sz-prilo'senim krsztsanszkim návukom navkilpe, pod prespan stampanya znouvics dani (1857)
- Szvéti evangelii za nedele i szvétke czeloga leta (1858, edit József Borovnják)
- Szlovenszki szilabikár, z-steroga sze decza steti more navcsiti (1861)
- Kniga molitvena sztaroszlovenszka : v-steroj sze najdejo razlocsne molitvi, litanie, szv. pesmi za vszako prilozsno potrebcsino i szv. krizsna pot na haszek katolicsánskim krscsenikom (1864, edit József Borovnják)
- Veliki katekizmus. Katolicsánszkoj mladoszti za pravi krscsánszki navuk (1864?)
- Kniga molitvena sztaro-szlovenszka (1864, edit József Borovnják)
- Szlovenszki szilabikár, z-steroga sze decza steti more navcsiti (1864)
- Szlovenszki ABCDAR, krsztsánszko-katolicsánszki návuk i drügi za malo decsiczo potrebne recsi (1868)
- Krátka summa velikoga katekizmussa z-szpitávanyem i odgovarlyanyem mladoszti na návuk vu czaszarszki, i králeszki dr'sányaj (1868)
- Molitvena kniga sztáro-szlovenszka puna odebránih lepih molitev, litanijah, peszem, vu vszákoj dühovnoj potrebcsini kath. kerscsenika, i križna pot (1868, edit József Borovnjak)
- Kniga molitvena sztaro-szlovenszka : v steroj sze najdejo razlocsne molitvi, litanie, szv. peszmi za vszako prilozsno potrebcsino, i Szv. krizsna pot : na haszek katolicsanszkim krscsenikom (1869), with the 12. station of Jakab Szabár (Szvéta krizna pot)
- Szlovenszki szilabikár, z-steroga sze decza steti more navcsiti. Z-nikimi rejcsziczami, i szprilosenim krsztsánszkim návukom navküpe (1870)
- Szlovenszki ABCDAR, krsztsánszko-katolicsánszki návuk i druge za malo decsiczo potrebne recsi (1870)
- Szlovenszki ABCDAR, krsztsánszko-katolicsánszki návuk i drüge za malo decsiczo potrebne recsi (1871?)
- Krátka summa velikoga katekizmusa z-szpitávanyem, i odgovárjanyem za katholicsánszke soule u-nouva vö dána od drüstva sz. Stevana (1873)
- Kniga molitvena. Bogábojécsim düsam dána. Sztáro-szlovenszka (1877), with the work of Szabár
- Kniga molitvena (1877)
- Szvéti Evangeliomi za nedele i szvétke celoga leta : z navadnimi molitvami pri bozsoj szlüzsbi, pred i po poldnévi. - pridavek glavnih isztin kerscsanszkoga navuka (1877, edit Borovnják)
- Szvéti evangeliomi za nedele i szvétke celoga leta : z navadnimi molitvami pri bozsoj szlüzsbi pred i po poldnévi. - pridavek glavnih isztin kerscsanszkoga navuka : z dovoljenyom cirkvenoga poglavarsztva (1879)
- Krátka šumma velikoga katekizmuša spitávanyem, i odgovárjanyem za katoličánske šóle (1883)
- Szvéti evangeliomi za nedele i szvétke celoga leta. z navadnimi molitvami pri bozsoj szlüzsbi, pred i po poldnévi. - pridavek glavnih isztin kerscsanszkoga navuka (1885, edit Borovnják)
- Kniga molitvena bogábojécsim düsam dána : sztáro-szlovenszka (1891, edit Borovnják)
- Krátka summa velikoga katekizmuša spitávanyem, i odgovárjanyem za katoličánske šóle (1892)
- Krátki krsztsánszki návuk za málo deczo (new issue of the Silábikár, in 1895)
- Molitvena kniga (1904, edit József Szakovics)
- Szvéti evangeliomi za nedele i szvétke celoga leta (1904)
- Krátka summa velikoga katekizmusa z-szpitávanyem i odgovárjanyem mladoszti na návuk (1904)
- Molitvena kniga (1907)
- Molitvena kniga (1910)
- Szvéti evangeliomi za nedele i szvétke celoga leta (1913)
- Molitvena kniga (1914, two issue)
- Sveti evangeliomi za nedele i svetke celoga leta (1920, two issue)
- Molitvena kniga (1931)
- Molitvena kniga, popravlena sztára szlovenszka "Molitvena kniga" (1942)
- Molitvena kniga. Obprvim 1783. leta vödána na zapoved i sztroske Szily Janosa, prvoga szombathelyszkoga püspeka (1942)
Mihály Bakos, slovene evanglic pastor and writer in 1789 was make a new course-book (Szlovenszki Abecedár), and a gradual (Nouvi Gráduvál). In 1796 reform the Temlin-catechism (Győrszki Kátekizmus). Bakos above all keep going the Küzmics-literary standard.
Teacher István Szijjártó's works Mrtvecsne peszmi (1796) and Sztarisinsztvo i zvacsinsztvo (1807) consummate to the early standard prekmurian.
1823-1848
From 1823 begin the second standardisation. Mihály Barla issue to a new hymn-book (Krscsanszke nove peszmene knige). József Kossics, the prekmurian great writer and poet contact with slovene linguist Oroslav Caf and thus get acquainted with the Styrian Slovene dialect. Kossics first worked in Alsószölnök. The teacher of the village was József Vogrin (Jožef Vogrin) born into the Slovenian Styria, accordingly was speak the Styrian. Kossics's father was Croatian descent, accordingly also be up in the kajkavian Croatian language. The Krátki návuk vogrszkoga jezika za zacsetníke, a slovene-Hungarian grammarbook and dictionary let out the standard prekmurian. The Zobriszani Szloven i Szlovenszka med Mürov in Rábov ethic-book, what form the ethics- and linguistic-norms. Zgodbe vogerszkoga králesztva and Sztarine Zseleznih ino Szalaszkih Szlovencov is the first prekmurian history-books. Kossics the first littérateur, thath wrote profane verses.
Teacher István Lülik in 1820 wrote a new course-book (Novi abeczedár), whereof born three issue (1853, 1856, 1863).
Sándor Terplán and János Kardos was wrote a psalmody (Knige 'zoltárszke), and a hymn-book (Krsztsanszke czerkvene peszmi), latter the reprint of Barla's hymn-book.
1870-1886
János Kardos was translate to numerous verses of Sándor Petőfi, János Arany and few Hungarian poet. In 1870 work to a new course-book the Nôve knige cstenyá za vesznícski sôl drügi zlôcs. In 1871 János Murkovics's course-book Abecednik za katholičanske vesnič e šolé po velejnyi form to the new Gaj-lettuce prekmurian ABC, but later turn into to universal.
Imre Augustich in 1875 was establish the first prekmurian newspaper the Prijátel (Friend), wrote new Hungarian-prekmurian grammar (Návuk vogrszkoga jezika, 1876) and translate the verses and romans of the Hungarian poets and writers.
József Borovnyák politician and littérateur afresh prepare the gospel and prayer-book of Miklós Küzmics. Jakab Szabár writer was burgenland Croatian descent wrote a new prekmurian 12. station (Krizsna pot), wherein hustle the Burgenland Croatian language (gradišćanski jezik), his mother tongue. The Burgenlandian impression of 17th century extraction. A source of the Hymn-book of Martjanci, the hymn-book of Grgur Mekinić: Dusevne peszne (Ghostly Hymns, 1609), one the first burgenland Croatian written artwork.
In 1886 József Bagáry wrote second course-book, what apply the Gaj alphabet (Perve knige – čtenyá za katholičánske vesničke šolê).
1914-1945
In 1914-1918 so much as ethnic governor, later parliamentarian congressman in Beograd József Klekl was novelize the standard prekmurian, that's make the Croatian and Slovene language of use. In 1923, the new prayer-book's Hodi k oltarskomi svesti (Come on to the Eucharist) ortography is the Gaj and have the new likeness.
József Szakovics take an active part in attendance of the Prekmurian dialect, although in the schools was not already Prekmurian education. The famous prekmurian writer Miško Kranjec also wrote in Slovene.
János Fliszár wrote a Hungarian-Wends dictionary in 1922, but this roundly irredentistic, anti-Slovene work. Sándor Mikola Slovene descent Hungarian physicist with history falsification practise account for the Wends-Celtic-Hungarian oneness. In 1941 the Hungarian Army seize back the Prekmurje and as 1945 be out after make an end of the Prekmurian and Slovene language by the help of Mikola.
After 1945 in the communist Yugoslavia ban to the printing of the Prekmurian religious books and in the administration and in education the Slovene he available.
In Hungary the dictator Mátyás Rákosi ban to every minority language and deport the Slovenes in the Hungarian Plain.
The question of the Wends and Prekmurian dialect
The matter of the Prekmurian dialect or language was differently worked out. First in the 16th century was a theory that the Mura Slovenes were descendants of the Vandals, an East Germanic tribe of pre-Roman Empire era antiquity. The Vandal name was used as the "scientific" or ethnological term for the Slovenes, but to acknowledge that the Vandalic people were named the Szlovenci, szlovenszki, szlovenye (Slovenes, Slovene).
In 1627 was issue the Protestant visitation in the country Tótság (this is the historical name of the Prekmurje and Vendvidék, Prekmurian: Slovenska okroglina). Herein act a Slavic Bible in Gornji Petrovci, which as a matter of fact the Bible of Primož Trubar. By Carniola and Styria and the 16th, 17th century few slovene prostent pastor was run away in Hungary and bring round the Trubar-Bible, what the Standard of the Slovene language. Not known by accident there was work on the Prekmurian.
As a rule according to the Hungarian dissenters, the Wends (Prekmurian) language was of Danish, Sorbian, Germanic, Celtic, Eastern Romance or West Slavic extraction. But this was often false, political or exaggerated affirmations.
According to extremist Hungarian groups, the Wends were captured Turkish and Croatian troops who were later integrated into Hungarian society, and the ever popular theory by some Hungarian nationalists: the speakers of the Wends language "in truth" were Magyar peoples, some had merged into the Slavic population of Slovenia over the last 800 years.
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Hungarian physicist Sándor Mikola in 1920 wrote a number of books about Slovene inhabitants of Hungary and the Wends language: the Wends-Celtic theory. Accordingly, the Wends (Slovenes in Hungary) were of Celtic extraction, not Slavic. Later Mikola already angled to, that the Wends indeed were Slavic-speaking Hungarians. In Hungary, the state's ethnonationalistic program was trying to proved his theories. Mikola also thought the Wends, Slovenes and Croatians alike were all descendants of the Pannonian Romans, therefore they have Latin blood and culture in them as well.
During the Hungarian revolution when Hungarians rebelled against Habsburg rule, the Catholic Slovenes sided with the Catholic Habsburgs. The Evangelical Slovenes, however supported the freedom fighter Lajos Kossuth, sided with Hungary and they pleaded for the separation of Hungary from Habsburg Austria which had its anti-Protestant policy. At that time, the reasoning that the inhabitants of the Raba Region were not Slovenes but Wends and "Wends-Slovenes" respectively and that as a consequence their ancestral Slavic-Wends language was not to be equated with the other Slovenes living in the Austro-Hungarian Empire was established. In the opinion of the Evangelical-Slovene priest of Hodoš the only possibility for the Evangelical Slovenes emerging from the Catholic-Slovene population group to continue was to support Kossuth and his Hungarian culture. Hereafter the Evangelical Slovenes used their language in churches and schools in the most traditional way in order to distinguish themselves from the Catholic Slovenes and the Slovene language (i.e. pro-Hungarian or pan-Slavic Slovene literature). The Evangelical priests and believers remained of the conviction that they could only adhere to their Evangelical faith when following the wish of the Hungarians (or the Austrians) and considering themselves "Wends-Slovenes". If they did not conform to this, then they were in danger of being assimilated into Hungarian culture.
In the years preceding World War I, the Hungarian Slovenes were swepted into the ideology of Panslavism, the national unity of all Slavic-speaking peoples of Eastern Europe. The issue was volatile in the fragmented Austria-Hungarian empire, which was defeated in the war. In the 1921 Treaty of Trianon, the southern half (not the whole) of the Prekmurje region was ceded to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
The Hungarian governance in Budapest after 1867 was endeavor to do assimilate the Prekmurian Slovenes. In Somogy yet in the 19th century ban to the Prekmurian dialect, but then the pastor of Porrogszentkirály István Ballér, and his followings for long be wedded to his mother tongue.
The assimilators equipe the Slovenes with affluent literature in his mother tongue, but promulgate these artworks the Hungarian national and linguistic superiority. Herein be instrumental also Augustich and few Slovenes. József Borovnyák, Ferenc Ivanóczy, and other Slovene politicians and literaturs safeguard of the Prekmurian dialect and identity.
In the late 20th century and today, the new notion for Hungarian Slovenes is to conceive the Prekmurian is in fact the Slovene language, but not dialect. Their allusions: the Küzmics Gospels, the Old Grammar- and State-ran public schools, the typical Prekmurian and Rabian Slovene culture, the few centuries old-long isolation in Prekmurje and continued self-preservation from the Hungarian majority. Hungarian Slovenes are more interested in being Slovenes.
Also Miklós Küzmics was so conceive of the Prekmurian and Slovene language is separates, hence expedient the configuration and expansion of the standard Prekmurian. Imre Augustich (that by the way was Hungarisator) make approaches to by standard Slovene, but not ply the Gaj-alphabet, accordingly henceforward thrive the difference between the Slovene and Prekmurian dialect. The poet Ferenc Sbüll at first was make a motion the borrowing of the Standard Slovene in 1860s.
However, pseudoscientic and extremist theories continue to be propagated. Ethnological research has again looked into the "Celtic-Wends, Wends-Magyars", "Pannonian Roman" and West Slavic theory. Tibor Zsiga, a prominent Hungarian historian in 2001 declared "The Slovene people cannot be declared Wends, neither in Slovenia, neither in Prekmurje." One may mind the Slovene/Slovenski name issue was under PanSlavism in the 19th-20th century, the other believes the issue was purely political in nature.
Examples
A comparison between the Lord's Prayer in standard Slovene, Prekmurian, standard Croatian and Kajkavian Croatian. The Prekmurian version is taken from an authorized prayer book published in 1942 (Zálozso János Zvér, Molitvena Kniga, Odobrena od cérkvene oblászti, Murska Sobota, 1942, third edition). The Hungarian alphabet, used in the original, has been transliterated in to Gaj's Latin alphabet, used in the other three versions, in order to render the comparison easier.
| Standard Slovene | Prekmurian | Standard Croatian | Kajkavian |
|---|---|---|---|
| „Oče naš, ki si v nebesih, posvečeno bodi tvoje ime, pridi k nam tvoje kraljestvo, zgodi se tvoja volja kakor v nebesih tako na zemlji. Daj nam danes naš vsakdanji kruh in odpusti nam naše dolge, kakor tudi mi odpuščamo svojim dolžnikom, in ne vpelji nas v skušnjavo, temveč reši nas hudega. Amen.” |
„Oča naš, ki si vu nebésaj! Svéti se Ime tvoje. Pridi králestvo tvoje. Bojdi vola tvoja, kak na nébi, tak i na zemli. Krüha našega vsakdanéšnjega daj nam ga dnes. I odpüsti nam duge naše, kak i mi odpüščamo dužnikom našim. I ne vpelaj nas vu sküšávanje. Nego odslobodi nas od hüdoga. Amen.” |
„Oče naš, koji jesi na nebesima, sveti se ime tvoje, dođi kraljevstvo tvoje, budi volja tvoja, kako na nebu tako i na zemlji. Kruh naš svagdanji daj nam danas, i otpusti nam duge naše, kako i mi otpuštamo dužnicima našim, i ne uvedi nas u napast, nego izbavi nas od zla. Amen.” |
„Japa naš kteri si f 'nebesih, nek sesvete ime Tvoje, nek prihaja cesarstvo Tvoje, nek bu volja Tvoja kakti na nebe tak pa na zemle. Kruhek naš sakdajni nam daj denes ter odpuščaj nam dugi naše, kakti mi odpuščamo dužnikom našim. ter naj nas fpelati vu skušnje, nek nas zbavi od sekih hudobah. Amen.” |
Szlêdnje vecsérjo (The Last Supper)
| “ | Gda szo pa vecsérjali, vzeo je Jezus krüh i blagoszlovo i vlomo i dáo vucsenikom szvojim i pravo: Zemte i jejte, to je moje Telo. I vzemsi kelih hválo je dáo i ponüdo nyim je rekocs: Pijte z toga vszi. Ár je to moja krv novoga zákona, stera sze za vnoge prelejé na odpüscsenye grehov. Velim vam pa: Nebom pio od zdaj iz száda toga trsza do onoga dnéva, gda bom ono novo pio z vami vu králesztvi Ocsé mojega. I po hválodávanyi szo sli na brzeg Olinszki. Teda nyim právi Jezus: Vszi vi sze szpácsite v meni vu etoj nocsi. Ár je piszano: Pobijem pasztéra i raztepéjp sze ovcé csrede. | ” |
|
—The Last Supper, Detail by Gospel of Miklós Küzmics (issue in 1904) |
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Examples for the differing words
| Prekmurian | Standard Slovene | English |
|---|---|---|
| pránje | umivanje, pomivanje | washing |
| skrpmeti, merkati | paziti | to look after |
| meštančar, pörgar | meščan | burgess |
| hiža/iža | hiša | house |
| odratüvati | odvrniti | distract, wipe out |
| vözvênje | poizvedovanje | interest |
| nikédig, nindrik | ponekod | anywhere |
| mértüčlivost | zmernost | temperateness |
| céntor/cintor | pokopališče | cementery |
| réditelstvo | uredništvo | editorial office |
Examples for the concordant words
| Prekmurian | Standard Slovene | English |
|---|---|---|
| nepokornost | nepokornost | disobedience |
| küščar | kuščar | lizard |
| korouna | korona | corona |
| nastlati | nastlati | to litter |
| čipka | čipka | lace |
| skrivnost | skrivnost | secret, mystery |
| zdrávje | zdravje | health |
| stüdenec | studenec, vodnjak | (water) well |
| mesečen | mesečen | monthly |
| süšiti | sušiti | to dry |
Examples for the partway differing words
| Prekmurian | Standard Slovene | English |
|---|---|---|
| masou | meso | meat, (fruit) flesh |
| pridrdati | pridrveti | to come rushing |
| prigoditi se | zgoditi se | to happen |
| naprej stati | nastati | to arise |
| poküšati se | preizkušati se | experiment to |
| nágoča | nagota | nudity |
| lače | hlače | trousers |
| ládarstvo | vladarstvo | governance |
| kradlivi | kradljiv | sampling tube |
| závec | zajec | rabbit |
Examples for the hungarian loanwords
| Prekmurian | Hungariam | Standard Slovene | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| roság | ország | država | state |
| čikoš | csikós | konjski pastir | wrangler |
| pajdáš | pajtás | tovariš | buddy |
| lampaš | lámpás | svetilka | small lamp |
| čizma | csizma | škorenj | boot |
| šapká | sapka | kapa | cap |
| šator | sátor | šotor | tent |
| tanáč | tanács | svet | advice |
| váraš | város | mesto | town |
| vámoš | vámos | mitničar | toll-keeper |
The months in Prekmurian
| Standard Slovene | Prekmurian | Standard Croatian | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| januar/prosinec februar/svečan marec/sušec April/Mali traven maj/veliki traven junij/rožnik julij/Mali srpan avgust/veliki srpan September/kimavec oktober/vinotok November/listopad December/gruden |
sečén süšec (old szűcza) Mali tráven velki tráven risálšček (old risaolšček) ivánšček jakopšček méšnjek mihálšček (old miháoscsek) vsesvéšček andrejšček prosinec |
siječanj veljača ožujak travanj svibanj lipanj srpanj kolovoz rujan listopad studeni prosinac |
January February March April May June July August September October November December |
|
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References
- ^ The Rabian Slovenes is Bákerdje.
- ^ Slovenes in Ravensko is Rávenci
- ^ Dolénci and Marki is the Slovenes in Ravensko and Dolinsko.
- ^ László Göncz: The Hungarians in Prekmurje 1918-1941 (A muravidéki magyarság 1918-1941)
Sources
- Mária Mukics: Changing World - The Hungarian Slovenes (Változó Világ - A magyarországi szlovének) Press Publica
- Mukics Ferenc: Szlovén Nyelvkönyv/Slovenska slovnica (Slovene language-book), 1997. ISBN 963 04 9261 X
- Molitvena kniga, Oprvim 1783. leta vödána na zapovedi sztrcske Szily Jánosa. prvoga Szombathelyszkoga püspeka. Zálozso Zvér János knigar v muraszombati, ODOBRENA OD CÉRKVENE OBLÁSZTI 1942.
- Vilko Novak: Slovar stare knjižne prekmurščine, Založba ZRC, Ljubljana 2006. ISBN 961-6568-60-4
- Fliszár János: Magyar-vend szótár/Vogrszki-vendiski rêcsnik, Budapest 1922.
- Francek Mukič: Porabsko-knjižnoslovensko-madžarski slovar, Szombathely 2005. ISBN 963-217-762-2
- Források a Muravidék történetéhez/Viri za zgodovino Prekmurja 2. Szombathely-Zalaegerszeg 2008. ISBN 978-963-7227-19-6
- Marc L. Greenberg: Ágosti Pável's Prekmurje Slovene grammar. Slavistična revija 37/1-3 (1989), 353-364.
- Marc L. Greenberg: Circumflex advancement in Prekmurje and beyond / O pomiku praslovanskega cirkumfleksa v slovenščini in kajkavščini, s posebnim ozirom na razvoj v prekmurščini in sosednjih narečjih. Slovene studies 14/1 (1992), 69-91.
- Marc L. Greenberg: Glasoslovni opis treh prekmurskih govorov in komentar k zgodovinskemu glasoslovju in oblikoglasju prekmurskega narečja. Slavistična revija 41/4 (1993), 465-487.
- Marc L. Greenberg: Archaisms and innovations in the dialect of Središče: (Southeastern Prlekija, Slovenia). Indiana Slavic studies 7 (1994), 90-102.
- Marc L. Greenberg: Prekmurje grammar as a source of Slavic comparative material. Slovenski jezik 7 (2009), 28-44.
- Marc L. Greenberg: Slovar beltinskega prekmurskega govora. Slavistična revija 36 (1988). 452–456. [Review essay of Franc Novak, Slovar beltinskega prekmurskega govora [A Dictionary of the Prekmurje Dialect of Beltinci].
External links
- László Göncz: The Hungarians in Prekmurje 1918-1941 (A muravidéki magyarság 1918-1941)
- Hungarian books in prekmurian language 1715-1919
- Hungarian books in prekmurian language 1920-1944
- Nagy Világ (2007, October)
- PREKMURSKI PUBLICISTIČNI JEZIK V PRVI POLOVICI 20. STOLETJA
- Američan, ki je doktoriral iz prekmurščine
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See also
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