prickly ash
American Heritage Dictionary:
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prickly ash
n.
- Any of numerous cosmopolitan, deciduous or evergreen shrubs or trees of the genus Zanthoxylum, having aromatic bark and alternate, mostly pinnate leaves.
- See Hercules' club (sense 1).
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prickly ash
Oxford Food & Nutrition Dictionary:
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prickly ash
Bark and berries of Zanthoxylum americanum and Z. clava-herculis, used as a food flavour, reputed to be a circulatory stimulant, and antirheumatic. Also known as toothache bark.
Columbia Encyclopedia:
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prickly ash
prickly ash, name for two deciduous shrubs or small trees (Zanthoxylum americanum and Z. clava-herculis) of the family Rutaceae (rue family). They are native to E North America and have prickly twigs and foliage similar to that of the unrelated ash tree. A pungent aromatic principle in the bark has been used as a home remedy for various ailments including rheumatism and toothaches (hence the local name toothache tree). Z. clava-herculis, of more southerly distribution, is also known as Hercules'-club. Both Hercules'-club and prickly ash are names sometimes used for an unrelated plant of the family Araliaceae (ginseng family). Other Zanthoxylum species are the sources of Sichuan and Sansho peppercorns (Z. simulans and Z. piperitum, respectively) and of satinwood (Z. flavum). Prickly ash of the genus Zanthoxylum is classified in the division Magnoliophyta, class Magnoliopsida, order Sapindales, family Rutaceae. The family Araliaceae belongs to the order Apiales.
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Prickly Ash
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Source: Zanthoxylum americanum Mill. or Z. clava-herculis L. (sometimes erroneously spelled Xanthoxylum) (Family Rutaceae).
Common/vernacular names: Angelica tree, northern prickly ash, pepper wood, toothache tree, and yellow wood (Z. americanum); Hercules' club, prickly yellow wood, sea ash, and southern prickly ash (Z. clava-herculis); toothache tree and xanthoxylum.
Both species are shrubs or small trees growing to about 3 m high with prickly stems and petioles; native to North America. Northern prickly ash (Z. americanum) grows from Quebec south to Mississippi and west to Oklahoma, while southern prickly ash (Z. clava-herculis) grows farther to the south, from southern Virginia to Florida, Texas, and perhaps Mexico. Part used is the dried bark.
| Poria | |
| Psyllium |
Wiley Dictionary of Flavors:
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Prickly Ash
Prickly ash or Toothache tree, American prickly ash, Zanthoxylum clavaherculis, Zanthoxylum americanum.
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categories related to 'prickly ash'
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Zanthoxylum
| Zanthoxylum | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Z. kauaense | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Eudicots |
| (unranked): | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Rutaceae |
| Subfamily: | Toddalioideae |
| Genus: | Zanthoxylum L.[1] |
| Type species | |
| Zanthoxylum americanum Mill.[2] |
|
| Species | |
|
About 250, see text. |
|
| Synonyms | |
Zanthoxylum (including Z. fagara) is a genus of about 250 species of deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs in the citrus or rue family, Rutaceae, native to warm temperate and subtropical areas worldwide. Common names include Prickly-ash and Hercules' Club.
The fruit of several species are used to make the spice Sichuan pepper. They are also used as bonsai trees. Historically, the bark was widely used for toothache, colic, and rheumatism.[3]
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Contents
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Selected species
- Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. – Andaliman; Chinese: 刺花椒 (ci hua jiao[4])
- Zanthoxylum ailanthoides Sieb. & Zucc. – Chinese: 椿叶花椒 (chun ye hua jiao)[4], 越椒 (yue-jiao)[5], 食茱萸 (shi zhu yu)[6][7]; Japanese: カラスザンショウ karasu-zanshō.
- (syn. Fagara ailanthoides (Sieb. & Zucc.) Engler[5])
- Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb. – Winged Prickly-ash.
- (cf. syn under Z.armatum)
- Zanthoxylum albuquerquei D.R.Simpson (Peru)
- Zanthoxylum americanum Mill. – Toothache Tree, Northern Prickly-ash (Eastern and Central United States)
- Zanthoxylum armatum DC. – Bamboo-leaf Prickly-ash; Chinese: 竹叶花椒 (zhu ye hua jiao)[4], 竹葉(花)椒(zhu-ye-(hua)-jiao, "bamboo-leaved Z.")[5], 狗椒 (gou-jia "dog Z.")[5],
- (syn. Z. planispinum Sieb. & Zucc.; Z. alatum sensu Forbes & Hemsley, Rehder & Wilson, non Roxburgh; Z. alatum var. planispinum Rehder & Wilson[5])
- Zanthoxylum atchoum (Aké Assi) Waterman (Côte d'Ivoire)
- Zanthoxylum beecheyanum
- Zanthoxylum belizense Lundell (Central America)
- Zanthoxylum bifoliolatum Leonard – Maricao Prickly-ash
- Zanthoxylum brachyacanthum F.Muell. – Thorny Yellowwood (Australia)
- Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. – Northern China peppercorn[5]; Chinese: 花椒(hua jiao)[4][5]
- Zanthoxylum buesgenii
- Zanthoxylum capense (Thunb.) Harv.
- Zanthoxylum caribaeum Lam. – Yellow Prickly-ash
- Zanthoxylum chevalieri Waterman (Ghana)
- Zanthoxylum clava-herculis L. – Hercules' Club, Southern Prickly-ash (southeastern United States)
- Zanthoxylum coco Gillies ex Hook. & Arn. – Coco, Smelly Sauco (Argentina, Bolivia)
- Zanthoxylum coreanum Nakai – Korean Lime Tree
- Zanthoxylum coriaceum – Biscayne Prickly-ash
- Zanthoxylum davyi Waterman
- Zanthoxylum delagoense Waterman (Mozambique)
- Zanthoxylum deremense (Engl.) Kokwaro (Malawi, Tanzania)
- Zanthoxylum dipetalum H.Mann – Kāwaʻu (Hawaii)
- Zanthoxylum fagara (L.) Sarg. – Lime Prickly-ash (Neotropics)
- Zanthoxylum ferrugineum J.D.Smith (Central America)
- Zanthoxylum flavum Vahl – West Indian Satinwood (Caribbean)
- Zanthoxylum gentlei Lundell (Belize, Guatemala, Honduras)
- Zanthoxylum harrisii P.Wilson ex Britton (Jamaica)
- Zanthoxylum hartii (Krug & Urb.) P.Wilson (Jamaica)
- Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Hillebr. – Aʻe, Hawaiʻi Prickly-ash (Hawaii)
- Zanthoxylum heterophyllum (Lam.) Smith (Mauritius, Réunion)
- Zanthoxylum hirsutum Buckley – Texas Hercules' Club
- Zanthoxylum holtzianum (Engl.) Waterm. (Tanzania)
- Zanthoxylum humile Waterm.
- Zanthoxylum hyemale A.St.-Hil.
- Zanthoxylum integrifoliolum (Merr.) Merr. (The Philippines, Taiwan)
- Zanthoxylum kauaense A.Gray – Aʻe, Kauaʻi Prickly-ash (Hawaii)
- Zanthoxylum leprieurii Guill. & Perr.
- Zanthoxylum limonella Alston – Makaen
- Zanthoxylum lindense (Engl.) Kokwaro (Tanzania)
- Zanthoxylum martinicense (Lam.) DC. – White Prickly-ash
- Zanthoxylum monophyllum (Lam.) P.Wilson – Yellow Prickle
- Zanthoxylum nadeaudii Drake (French Polynesia)
- Zanthoxylum negrilense Fawc. & Rendle (Jamaica)
- Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb.) DC. – Shining Prickly-ash; Chinese: 两面针(liang mian zhen "both side needles")[4]
- Zanthoxylum oahuense Hillebr. – Aʻe, Oʻahu Prickly-ash (Island of Oʻahu in Hawaii)
- Zanthoxylum ocumarense (Pittier) Steyerm.
- Zanthoxylum ovatifoliolatum Finkelstein
- Zanthoxylum naranjillo Griseb. – Naranjillo
- Zanthoxylum panamense P.Wilson (Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama)
- Zanthoxylum parvum Shinners – Tickletongue
- Zanthoxylum pinnatum
- Zanthoxylum piperitum (L.) DC. – Japanese Pepper Tree, Japan Pepper, Sanshō; Japanese: 山椒(サンショウ) sanshō; Korean: 초피나무(chopi-namu)
- Zanthoxylum planispinum Siebold & Zucc. → Z. armatum
- Zanthoxylum procerum Donn Sm. (Central America)
- Zanthoxylum psammophilum (Aké Assi) Waterman (Côte d'Ivoire)
- Zanthoxylum punctatum Vahl – Dotted Prickly-ash
- Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. – Chirphal, Teppal, Tirphal, Indian Pepper[8]
- Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam.
- Zanthoxylum schinifolium Siebold & Zucc. – Mastic-leaved Prickly-ash; Wild Zanthoxylum[5]; Chinese: 香椒子 (xiang-jiao-zi "aromatic Z.")[5], 青花椒 (qing-hua-jiao "green Z.")[4][5]; Japanese: イヌザンショウ (inu-zanshō)[9]; Korean: 산초나무(山椒__; sancho-namu)
- Zanthoxylum simulans Hance – Chinese Prickly-ash, Sichuan pepper, Sichuan Zanthoxylum[5], Sichuan peppercorn[5]; Chinese: 野花椒 (ye hua jiao)[4], 川椒 (chuan-jiao, lit. "Sichuan pepper"[5])(Eastern China, Taiwan)
- Zanthoxylum spinifex (Jacq.) DC. – Niaragato
- Zanthoxylum thomasianum (Krug & Urb.) P.Wilson – St. Thomas Prickly-ash (Puerto Rico, British Virgin Islands, United States Virgin Islands)[10][11][12]
- Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Lam.) Zepern. & Timler, 1981; Senegal pricky-ash
Formerly placed here
- Eleutherococcus trifoliatus (L.) S.Y.Hu (as Z. trifoliatum L.)
- Melicope lunu-ankenda (Gaertn.) T.G.Hartley (as Z. roxburghianum Cham.)
- Melicope pteleifolia (Champ. ex Benth.) T.G.Hartley (as Z. pteleifolium Champ. ex Benth.)[12]
Taxonomy
The generic name is derived from Greek words ξανθὸς (xanthos), meaning "yellow," and ξύλον (xylon), meaning "wood." It refers to a yellow dye made from the roots of some species.[13] The Takhtajan system places the genus in the subfamily Rutoideae, tribe Zanthoxyleae,[14] while Germplasm Resources Information Network places it in the subfamily Toddalioideae and does not assign it to a tribe.[1] The once separate genus Fagara is now included in Zanthoxylum.[15]
Uses
Many Zanthoxylum species make excellent bonsai and in temperate climates they can be grown quite well indoors. Zanthoxylum beecheyanum and Zanthoxylum piperitum are two species commonly grown as bonsai.
Culinary use
See also: Sichuan pepper
Spices are made from a number of species in this genus, especially Zanthoxylum piperitum, Z. simulans, Z. bungeanum, Z. schinifolium Z. nitidum, Z. rhetsa, Z. alatum, and Z. acanthopodium. Sichuan pepper is most often made by grinding the husks that surround Z. piperitum berries.[16] In the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Goa in Western India, the berries of Z. rhetsa are sun-dried and added to foods such as legumes and fish. Because the trees bear fruit during the monsoon season, the berries are associated with the concurrent Krishna Janmashtami festival.[17] It is called timur or timbur in Nepal, Darjeeling and Sikkim and is used widely to make a tingling dip, especially for boiled food like potatoes and yams.
Ecology
Zanthoxylum species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including The Engrailed.
Sources
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Zanthoxylum |
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Wikispecies has information related to: Zanthoxylum |
- ^ a b c "Genus: Zanthoxylum L.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2008-03-21. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?13017. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
- ^ "!Zanthoxylum L.". TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40028189. Retrieved 2010-02-26.
- ^ Wilbur, C. Keith, MD. Revolutionary Medicine 1700-1800. The Globe Pequot Press. Page 23. 1980.
- ^ a b c d e f g Zhang & Hartley 2008
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Hu 2005, vol.1, pp.503-5
- ^ given in zh:花椒, retrieved from (2011.12.20 11:55) version
- ^ Stuart & Smith 1985,p.462gives 食菜萸 but probably mistype since this is not pronounced Wade–Giles: Shih-chu-yü
- ^ Allen, Gary (2007). The Herbalist in the Kitchen. University of Illinois Press. pp. 389. ISBN 978-0-252-03162-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=Fniv9ShKmxcC&.
- ^ a b Blaschek, Hänsel & Keller 1998, Hagers Handbuch, vol.3, p.832 (gives Jp. inu-zansho)
- ^ "Subordinate taxa of !Zanthoxylum L.". TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.tropicos.org/NameSubordinateTaxa.aspx?nameid=40028189. Retrieved 2010-02-26.
- ^ "Zanthoxylum". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=28849. Retrieved 2010-02-25.
- ^ a b "GRIN Species records of Zanthoxylum". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?13017. Retrieved 2010-11-29.
- ^ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names. IV R-Z. Taylor & Francis US. p. 2868. ISBN 978-0-8493-2678-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=zIOvJSJs-IkC.
- ^ Takhtajan, Armen (2009). Flowering Plants (2 ed.). Springer. p. 375. ISBN 978-1-4020-9608-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=oumyfO-NHuUC&.
- ^ Beurton, C. (1994). "Gynoecium and perianth in Zanthoxylum s.l. (Rutaceae)". Plant Systematics and Evolution 189: 165–191.
- ^ Peter, K. V. (2004). Handbook of Herbs and Spices. 2. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 98–99. ISBN 978-1-85573-721-1.
- ^ Bharadwaj, Monisha (2006). Indian Spice Kitchen. Hippocrene Books. pp. 82–83. ISBN 978-0-7818-1143-9.
References
- Hu, Shiu-ying (2005) (preview), Food plants of China, 1, Chinese University Press, http://books.google.co.jp/books?id=2OiYydyrsygC&pg=PA504
- Zhou, Jiaju; Xie, Guirong; Yan, Xinjian (2011) (preview), Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicines - Molecular Structures, 1, Springer, http://books.google.co.jp/books?id=PMsXJnUYTFkC&pg=PA209
- Zhang, Dianxiang; Hartley, Thomas G. (2008), "1. Zanthoxylum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 270. 1753.", Flora of China 11: 53-66, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=135262 PDF
- Smith, Frederick Porter (1985) (snippet), Chinese materia medica, vegetable kingdom, Southern Materials Center, 1985, http://books.google.co.jp/books?id=SLNKAQAAIAAJ
- Blaschek, Wolfgang; Hänsel, Rudolf; Keller, Konstantin (1998) (preview), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 3 (L-Z), Gabler Wissenschaftsverlage, pp. 809-, ISBN 978-3-540-61619-1, http://books.google.co.jp/books?id=XGXnVRiu3zoC&pg=PA810
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