William Augustus duke of Cumberland

Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of (1721-65). Before 1746 Cumberland, the son of George II, was called the ‘martial boy’ for his performance at the battles of Dettingen, where he received a leg injury, and Fontenoy, where he commanded with gallantry though lack of success. In 1746 his savage suppression of the Jacobites after the battle of Culloden earned him the nickname ‘Butcher’ and there is a small ill-smelling flower in Scotland still known as ‘stinking Billy’. He fought at Laffeldt in 1747, and at Hastenbeck in 1757, but was stripped of his command that year for signing the Convention of Klosterseven and retired from active service.

Bibliography

• Speck, W. A., The Butcher: The Duke of Cumberland and the Suppression of the 45 (Caernarfon, 1995).
• Whitworth, Rex, William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland: A Life (London, 1993)

— William A. Speck

Cumberland, William Augustus, 1st duke of (1721-65). Cumberland was the second surviving son of the prince of Wales, later George II. Made duke of Cumberland in 1726, he was promoted lieutenant-general in 1744, after fighting at Dettingen. Recalled in October to deal with the Jacobite rebellion, he finally crushed it at Culloden in April 1746.

At the start of the Seven Years War, he virtually ran the British war effort but was destroyed by defeat against superior French armies in Hanover. The convention of Kloster-Zeven, which he signed with the French, was repudiated. He retired from the army, but remained a powerful political influence into the early years of George III.

Canadian architect, one of the most accomplished Gothic Revivalists working in Canada. He designed St James's Cathedral, Toronto (1852–3), in the Gothic style, working in partnership with William G. Storm (1826–92) during the construction of the church. With Storm he also designed University College, University of Toronto (1856), a demonstration of Ruskinian principles of design that is arguably a superior composition to Deane & Woodward's University Museum, Oxford. The Toronto building has central and corner towers, and is a fine example of the High Victorian Picturesque manner.

Bibliography

• Kalman (1994)
• Jane Turner (1996)

The full bibliography for this book is available to download as a pdf file.
Download the bibliography for A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (PDF: 1.2MB)

The noun has one meaning:

Meaning #1: English general; son of George II; fought unsuccessfully in the battle of Fontenoy (1721-1765)
  Synonyms: Cumberland, William Augustus, Butcher Cumberland