Princess and monster game

In game theory, the princess and monster game is a pursuit-evasion game played by two players in a region. The game was devised by Rufus Isaacs and published in his book Differential Games (1965) as follows. "The monster searches for the princess, the time required being the payoff. They are both in a totally dark room (of any shape), but they are each cognizant of its boundary. Capture means that the distance between the princess and the monster is within the capture radius, which is assumed to be small in comparison with the dimension of the room. The monster, supposed highly intelligent, moves at a known speed. We permit the princess full freedom of locomotion."^[1]

This game remained a well known open problem until it was solved by Shmuel Gal in the late 1970s.^[2][3] His optimal strategy for the princess is especially interesting. Go to a random location in the room. Stay still for a time interval which is not too short but not too long, go to another (independent) random location and repeat the procedure.^[3][4][5] His proposed optimal search strategy is based on subdividing the room into many narrow rectangles, picking a rectangle at random and searching it in some specific way. After some time picking another rectangle randomly and independently, etc. The exact details of the search and evasion strategies are given in the references.

Princess and monster games can be played on a pre-selected graph. (A possible simple graph is the circle, suggested by Isaacs as a stepping stone for the game in the region.) It can be demonstrated that for any finite graph an optimal mixed search strategy exists that results in a finite payoff. This game has been solved only for the very simple graph consisting of a single loop (a circle).^[6] The value of the game on the unit interval (a graph with two nodes with a link in-between) has been estimated approximatively. This game looks simple but is quite complicated. Surprisingly, the 'obvious' search strategy of starting at one end (chosen at random) and 'sweeping' as fast as possible the whole interval is not optimal. This strategy guarantees 0.75 expected capture time. However, by utilising a more sophisticated mixed searcher and hider strategy, one can reduce the expected capture time by about 8.6%. Actually, this number would be quite close to the value of the game if someone was able to prove the optimality of the related strategy of the Princess. ^[7][8]

See also

• Search games
• List of games in game theory

References

1. ^ R. Isaacs, Differential Games: A Mathematical Theory with Applications to Warfare and Pursuit, Control and Optimization, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1965), PP 349–350.
2. ^ S. Gal, SEARCH GAMES, Academic Press, New York (1980).
3. ^ ^{a b} Gal Shmuel (1979). "Search games with mobile and immobile hider". SIAM J. Control Optim. 17 (1): 99–122. doi:10.1137/0317009. MR0516859. 
4. ^ A. Garnaev (1992). "A Remark on the Princess and Monster Search Game". Int. J. Game Theory 20 (3): 269–276. doi:10.1007/BF01253781. http://www.apmath.spbu.ru/~kmms/garnaev/html/Downloads/1992bGT.pdf. 
5. ^ M. Chrobak (2004). "A princess swimming in the fog looking for a monster cow". ACM SIGACT News 35 (2): 74–78. doi:10.1145/992287.992304. 
6. ^ S. Alpern (1973). "The search game with mobile hiders on the circle". Proceedings of the Conference on Differential Games and Control Theory. 
7. ^ S. Alpern, R. Fokkink, R. Lindelauf, and G. J. Olsder. Numerical Approaches to the 'Princess and Monster' Game on the Interval. SIAM J. control and optimization 2008.
8. ^ L. Geupel. The 'Princess and Monster' Game on an Interval.