Principle of Priority

Boa manditra

In zoology, the Principle of Priority is one of the guiding principles of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, defined by Article 23.

It states that the correct formal scientific name for an animal taxon, the name that is to be used, called the valid name, is the oldest available name that applies to it. There are exceptions; another name may be given precedence by any provision of the Code or by any ruling of the Commission.

It is the fundamental guiding precept that preserves the stability of zoological nomenclature. It was first formulated in 1842 by a committee appointed by the British Association to consider the rules of zoological nomenclature; the committee's report was written by Hugh Edwin Strickland.

• In 1855, John Edward Gray published the name Antilocapra anteflexa for a new species of pronghorn, based on a pair of horns. However, it is now thought that his specimen belonged to an unusual individual of an existing species, Antilocapra americana, with a name published by George Ord in 1815. The older name, by Ord, takes priority; with Antilocapra anteflexa becoming a junior synonym.
• In 1856, Johann Jakob Kaup published the name Leptocephalus brevirostris for a new species of eel. However, it was realized in 1893 that the organism described by Kaup was in fact the juvenile form of the European eel (see eel life history for the full story). The European eel was named Muraena anguilla by Carolus Linnaeus in 1758 and moved to the genus Anguilla by Franz Paula von Schrank in 1798. So Anguilla anguilla is now the valid name for the species, and Leptocephalus brevirostris is considered a junior synonym.
• The Common Chimpanzee was named Simia troglodytes by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach; when Lorenz Oken moved it to the new genus Pan in 1816, the specific name troglodytes had priority over any newly to be coined specific name, so the valid name is now Pan troglodytes (Blumenbach, 1775).
• Two species of Madagascar snake were initially given the names Pelophilus madagascariensis Duméril & Bibron, 1844 and Xiphosoma madagascariensis Duméril & Bibron, 1844. The former was moved to the genus Boa in 1893 by George Albert Boulenger, resulting in the name Boa madagascariensis (Duméril & Bibron, 1844). This meant that when in 1991 Arnold G. Kluge of the Museum of Zoology at the University of Michigan moved Xiphosoma madagascariensis to the genus Boa as well, it could not have the name Boa madagascariensis. So Kluge gave the species the name Boa manditra.

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